دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 Examining the Relationship Between Bilingualism and Social Capital: A Case Study of Citizens Aged Between 18 to 60 in Kermanshah بررسی رابطه دوزبانگی و سرمایه اجتماعی: مطالعه موردی شهروندان 18 تا 60 سال شهر کرمانشاه 1 17 3258 10.22126/jlw.2024.10787.1772 FA امین اکبری استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-1170-1828 روناک مرادی استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشکدة ادبیات، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 06 25 The relationship between bilingualism and social capital is a significant topic in sociological and linguistic research. This article aims to examine the correlation between these two variables in line with the question of whether bilingualism has a correlation with social capital, in other words, whether bilingual individuals have higher social capital than monolinguals. This research was conducted with a survey method on 385 statistical samples of citizens of Kermanshah city. The data collection method was a questionnaire and the PPS sampling method was used for sampling. The findings show a statistically significant difference between monolingualism and bilingualism; bilingualism and multilingualism; monolingualism, bilingualism and multilingualism in terms of social capital. The general result of the research indicates that there is a relatively strong correlation between bilingualism and social capital, but the meaning of this relationship is not that bilingualism necessarily guarantees higher social capital, but it provides linguistic and cultural tools for people to gain it by facilitating the development of social networks and resources, which are the main components of social capital. Introduction Bilingualism and multilingualism, whether it is accidental or planned, create ability in a person that can greatly help his success in life. In a cross-sectional study, bilinguals performed better than monolinguals in executive tasks (Bialystok et al., 2008). In a longitudinal study, bilingualism was associated with better memory and executive function (Zahodne et al., 2014). The relationship between bi/multilingualism and social capital is another significant topic in sociolinguistic research. Hence, this article seeks to analyze and explain the relationship between bi/multilingualism and the category of social capital to answer the question whether there is a correlation between bilingualism and social capital. In other words, do bi/multilinguals have higher social capital than monolingual individuals? To do this, the authors conducted research in the city of Kermanshah which is one of the multi-ethnic and multilingual metropolises in Iran in the west of the country, with a population of over one million people. Research hypotheses: There is a statistically significant difference between monolingual and bilingual individuals in terms of social capital. There is a statistically significant difference between monolingual, bilingual and multilingual individuals in terms of the amount of social capital. There is a statistically significant difference between bilingual and multilingual individuals in terms of social capital. Methods The method of this research is a survey. The reason for choosing this method is the expansion of the statistical population the need to obtain accurate results about a metropolis. The technique used to collect information in this research is a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research research includes all citizens of Kermanshah aged between 18 and 60 years. In this research, the cluster sampling method with probability proportionate to size (PPS) was used. The city of Kermanshah was divided into clusters and in each cluster; a number of questionnaires were completed based on the cluster’s population size. To determine the sample size, the Krejcie and Morgan table was used, and the final statistical sample size was 385 individuals. SPSS software has been used for data analysis. In the SPSS environment, tables, graphs, and central and dispersion indicators such as mean, median, mean, variance, and standard deviation are used in order to check the descriptive statistics according to the measurement level of each variable. For inferential statistics, t-test statistics of two independent groups and one-way analysis of variance have been used in accordance with specific measurement levels. Results This research was conducted on a statistical sample of 385 individuals, whose average age was 33.46; the median is 33 years and the mode or maximum frequency was 32 years. In terms of gender, 52.5% of the statistical sample were men and 47.5% were women. In terms of the number of languages that the respondents are familiar with and can speak, they were divided into three categories: monolingual (11.7%), bilingual (73.5%), and multilingual (14.8%). The hypotheses sought to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between monolingual and bilingual individuals in terms of the amount of social capital. Is this difference significant between bilingual and multilingual individuals? And in the case of comparing these three groups together, i.e. monolinguals, bilinguals, and multilinguals, their average social capital is statistically different from each other. The first hypothesis was evaluated through the t-test of two independent groups, the result of which indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between these two groups, and the research hypothesis is confirmed. For the second hypothesis, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the three groups. The results showed that the difference among the groups was significant, confirming the hypothesis To test the third hypothesis, a parametric independent samples t-test was conducted. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the bilingual and multilingual groups, confirming the hypothesis. Therefore, there is a difference in social capital levels between bilingual and multilingual individuals, with multilinguals showing higher levels of social capital. In general, the results of the data indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between monolinguals and bilinguals. This also holds true for bilinguals and multilinguals—that is, multilingual individuals have higher levels of social capital than bilinguals. It appears that with the acquisition of each additional language, an individual’s social capital tends to increase. Conclusion This research aims to investigate the effect of bi/multilingualism on social capital. Results show that individuals’ social capital increases by the number of the languages they have learned or acquired. In the analysis of these results, it can be said that the important point about bi/multilingualism from a sociological point of view is that bi/multilingualism goes beyond the scope and realm of individual culture and language and causes intercultural understanding. By learning the language of other cultures and societies, a person gets acquainted with a new set of cultural elements and experiences not only bilingualism, but likely biculturalism as well. Bilingualism connects individuals to broader social networks, thereby enhancing their social capital. Social capital, in turn, transforms a person's life in many ways by strengthening their social ties and providing them with a network of relationships that can be used to achieve personal and professional goals. By creating strong social connections, a person can access valuable resources such as information, support, and greater opportunities, which significantly increases their overall well-being and success. However, the relationship between bi/multilingualism and social capital is complex and context-dependent. In some cases, if there are social barriers to intercultural communication, bilingualism and multilingualism may not lead to an increase in social capital. Therefore, although, there is a relatively strong correlation between bi/multilingualism and social capital, this relationship does not mean that bi/multilingualism necessarily guarantees higher social capital. At the same time, bilingualism and multilingualism provide people with linguistic and cultural tools that can facilitate the development of social networks and resources, which are the main components of social capital. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. رابطة دوزبانگی و سرمایة اجتماعی موضوعی درخور توجه در پژوهش‌های جامعه‌شناسی و زبان‌شناسی است. هدفی که در این نوشتار دنبال می‌شود بررسی هم‌بستگی بین دو متغیر دوزبانگی و سرمایه اجتماعی است؛ دراین‌زمینه، این پرسش مطرح می‌شود: آیا دوزبانگی با سرمایة اجتماعی رابطه هم‌بستگی دارد؟ به‌بیان دیگر، آیا افراد دوزبانه از سرمایة اجتماعی بالاتری نسبت‌به تک‌زبانه‌ها برخوردار هستند؟ این پژوهش به روش پیمایشی درباره 385 نمونه آماری از شهروندان شهر کرمانشاه انجام شده است. روش گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسش‌نامه بوده و برای نمونه‌گیری از روش نمونه‌گیری PPS استفاده شده است. بنابر یافته‌های پژوهش، بین «تک‌زبانگی و دوزبانگی»، «دوزبانگی و چندزبانگی»، «تک‌زبانگی، دوزبانگی و چندزبانگی» برحسب میانگین سرمایه اجتماعی، تفاوت معنادار آماری وجود دارد. نتیجه کلی پژوهش بیانگر آن است که هم‌بستگی نسبتاً قوی بین دوزبانگی و سرمایه اجتماعی وجود دارد. البته معنای این رابطه آن نیست که دوزبانگی لزوماً سرمایة اجتماعی بالاتری را تضمین می‌کند، بلکه به این معناست که این رابطه ابزارهای زبانی و فرهنگی را در اختیار گویشوران قرار می‌دهد. این می‌تواند توسعه اجزای اصلی سرمایة اجتماعی یعنی توسعة شبکه‌ها و منابع اجتماعی را آسان کند.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3258_b69160f35078fbc0a399d9287c166aa3.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 The Effect of Informative Structure, Grammatical Role and Syntactic Structure on the Postposing in the Sorani Language تأثیر ساخت اطلاعی، نقش دستوری، ساخت نحوی بر پسایندسازی در زبان کردی سورانی 19 34 3499 10.22126/jlw.2024.9554.1727 FA لیلا اکبری کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌‌شناسی، دانشکده زبان و ادبیات، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران سیده ساره صادقی دکتری، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌‌شناسی، دانشکده زبان و ادبیات، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران. 0000-0003-3049-9968 ابراهیم بدخشان دانشیار، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌‌شناسی، دانشکدة زبان و ادبیات، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران . 0000-0002-6874-743X Journal Article 2023 09 01 The purpose of this corpus-oriented research is to investigate the effect of informative structure, grammatical function syntactic structure, verb type, grammatical weight and definiteness on the process of postposing in the spoken Sorani Kurdish language. Since the Kurdish language is an Iranian language like the Persian, it is a head-last language and verb ending sentences are considered unmarked but in the spoken language there is a greater tendency to produce marked sentences and postposing some constructions can be seen. In this research through relying on spoken corpus of Kurdish language taken from folklore collection (Ahmadi, 2020) and databased analysis, we have investigated the effective factors known by other researchers about the postposing process in the Kurdish language. This research shows that in Sorani spoken language, prepositional phrase constituent in indirect object and place adverb syntactic role with new informative structure move to after verb position and postposing occurs. In the case of predicate postposing, the type of copular verb is an effective factor. The direct object, subject, adverb of quantity and adverb of quality do not follow this principle except in limited cases that can be ignored. Grammatical weight and definiteness factors do not have effective role in postposing in this language. Introduction Every language has a special arrangement for the position of the constituents in the sentence. The important point is that the speaker unconsciously prefers an order of the constituents which makes it easier for the listener to process and understand the message. The speaker doesn’t always follow the predetermined linear order, and as a result, this leads to the production of a marked sentence. In fact, in marked sentences, there is a shift in sentence constituents from their original positions. One of the positions that constituents choose to move is the position after the verb. This displacement is known as postposing. In postposing, the constituent moves from the unmarked position to the marked one without any effect on the sentence meaning. The language under study in this article is Sorani Kurdish. As one of the Iranian languages, Kurdish like Persian is a verb-final language, and the verb-final sentences in this language are considered unmarked. However, in spoken Sorani Kurdish, there is a strong tendency to produce marked sentences and to postpose some constituents. This analytical article uses a functional theoretical framework and a corpus-based approach to examine the spoken language of Sorani Kurdish in the Ravansar region. The data consists of folklore stories from the region that were recorded for this purpose. Given the frequency of postposing in the studied spoken language—and the lack of previous research in this area—it is important to investigate the factors influencing this process. Many studies have been conducted in different languages about postposing and effective factors in this process. The most comprehensive research on colloquial Persian language has been carried out by Frommer (1981), Rasekh Mahand and Qhyasvand (2013), Izadi and Rasekh Mahand (2018). In English and Italian languages, studies have been conducted by Wasow (1991), Ward and Birner (2004). Yamashita and Chang (2001) have studied postposing in Japanese, and Haig (2022) has researched the Kurdish language. Methods The current study was conducted on the natural data from the Jafi dialect of the Sorani Kurdish language. These natural data are extracted from the collection of folk tales of the city of Ravansar. This data source is available in recorded and archived form. The speech corpus in this study consists of 3835 sentences extracted from 90 folklore stories. Applying a quantitative method of research and a statistical analysis, the sentences were classified into two groups—marked and unmarked—based on whether the verb occurred at the end of the sentence or not. In this classification, the number of marked sentences was 3,436, while the number of unmarked sentences was 399. Among the 3436 marked sentences, 2865 of postposed constituents were prepositional phrase and the number of noun phrase was 571. The number and kind of postposed constituent by syntactic role were as follow: Adverb of place 1670, indirect object 1195, predicate 350, subject, direct object, adverb of time, adverb of quality, adverb of quantity overall was 187. Discussion and Conclusion In this speech corpus, in terms of syntactic category, about 85%–90% of the postposed constituents are prepositional phrases, and in terms of grammatical role, they are primarily indirect objects and adverbs of place. The predicate ranks third, with a significant drop in frequency compared to the first two. The displacement percentage of direct object, subject, adverb of quality, adverb of quantity to the position after the verb compared to the previous three constructions is very small to the point that they can be considered accidental or exceptional. This research by investigating the effective factors in the postposing process such as grammatical weight, informative structure, familiarity, grammatical role, syntactic category and the type of relative verb, introduces informative structure, grammatical role and syntactic category as effective factors in postposing in this language and considers other factors ineffective. In this language, prepositional phrases in two grammatical roles—indirect object and adverb of place—account for the highest percentage of postposing. Since these constituents, in both syntactic roles, convey new information from an informative structure perspective, their movement to the post-verbal position helps listeners process and understand the message more easily. In predicative sentences with linking verbs that express movement, change, and transformation, the predicate is also postposed. In these cases, the postposing of the predicate similarly serves to facilitate comprehension. This research concludes that semantics is the primary factor in determining the post-verbal positioning of constituents. Direct objects and subjects are not postposed, as they tend to express familiar or assumed (old) information. The results show that the preferred linear order of constituents in Kurdish language is influenced by informative structure, syntactic category, syntactic role of constituents and the type of liking verb. Based on the statistical frequency of marked versus unmarked sentences in this research, we can draw the final conclusion that in spoken Kurdish, speakers have a strong tendency to postpose constituents conveying new information to a position after the verb. This facilitates easier transmission of the message and allows the listener to process and understand it more efficiently. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. هدفی که در این پژوهش پیکره‌محور دنبال می‌شود بررسی تأثیر ساخت اطلاعی، نقش دستوری، ساخت نحوی، نوع فعل، وزن دستوری و معرفگی بر فرایند پسایندسازی در زبان کردی گفتاری سورانی لهجه جافی است. ازآنجا‌که زبان کردی از خانواده زبان‌های ایرانی است، همانند زبان فارسی، زبانی فعل‌پایان است. جمله‌های فعل‌پایان در زبان کردی جمله‌های بی‌نشان به شمار می‌روند؛ اما در زبان گفتاری تمایل بیشتری به تولید جمله‌های نشان‌دار و پسایندسازی برخی از سازه‌ها مشاهده می‌شود. در این پژوهش باتکیه‌بر پیکرة گفتاری زبان کردی برگرفته از مجموعه قصه‌های فولکلور (احمدی، 1399) و تحلیلی داده‌بنیاد، عامل‌های مؤثر و شناخته‌شدة پژوهشگران دیگر بر فرایند پسایندسازی در زبان کردی را بررسی کردیم و نشان دادیم که در این زبان سازه‌هایی با ساخت نحوی گروه حرف‌اضافه‌ای در نقش نحوی مفعول غیرمستقیم و قید مکان با ساخت اطلاعی نو در زبان گفتاری در جایگاه پس از فعل قرار می‌گیرند و پسایند می‌شوند. درباره سازه مسند نیز نوع فعل ربطی از عوامل مؤثر بر پسایندشدگی این سازه است. سازه‌های مفعول مستقیم، فاعل، قید مقدار و قید کیفیت به‌جز در مواردی محدود که می‌توان آن‌ها را نادیده گرفت، از این اصل پیروی نمی‌کنند. دو عامل وزن دستوری و معرفگی نیز نقشی مؤثر بر این فرایند در زبان کردی ندارند.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3499_fc7dc0b80e738e4aab91186d81377753.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 Analyzing [m] as a Modal Element in Laki تحلیل [me] به‌مثابۀ یک عنصر وجهی در لکی 35 52 3079 10.22126/jlw.2024.10472.1758 FA شیدا دارایی دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0000-2535-2457 شجاع تفکری رضائی دانشیار، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0001-5995-4165 یونس عزیزیان استادیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. 0000-0001-7320-8987 Journal Article 2024 04 07 "Mood" or "modality" is one of the linguistic tools for conveying concepts such as necessity, obligation, probability, commitment, and assumption in language. Since a complete description of an event or state is not possible solely through the use of verbs or nominal groups, modality is a desirable solution in all human languages to convey concepts. Understanding the types of mood is an opening for discovering the capabilities of human language. The present study is the first theory-based study on modality in Laki, which addresses the modal aspects of the [m@] element within the framework of Palmer's (2001) views. This word, in addition to its lexical meaning of “to want”, also has a modal nature and can be assigned as a modal auxiliary verb. The research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical method. Linguistic data were collected through the author's linguistic intuition and compared with their equivalents in Persian, Kurdish and English. After identifying [m@] as a modal auxiliary verb in Laki, its modality types were determined based on Palmer's (2001) framework. Finally, in order to better understand its roles, the syntactic positions of its different roles in sentences were determined. Based on some evidences like: equivalence of [m@] with modal auxiliary verbs in Persian and English, the traditional non-inflectability criterion of modals, and etc. [m@] can be considered as a modal auxiliary verb in Laki. Because of different applications of modals, this term has various roles, including a lexical role as a verbal element “to want”, a semantic role for expressing concepts of necessity and obligation, as well as a syntactic one for indicating future tense. Analyzing [m@] in Laki demonstrated that this element is a modal auxiliary verb, in addition to its lexical meaning “to want”. It is also a syntactic tool for representing the future tense; and its modality changes when pronounced differently in specific contexts. Introduction Modality, or modal expression, is one of the linguistic tools for conveying concepts such as necessity, obligation, probability, commitment, and assumption in language. A complete description of an event or state is not possible solely through the use of verbs or nominal groups, and the interpretation of sentences with modal elements is fundamentally different from those without them. Modal expression is a desirable solution in all human languages for accurately conveying concepts. Studies show that modal elements in some languages only have a syntactic role, while in others, they only express semantic roles, and in another group of languages, they take on both syntactic and semantic roles. Therefore, due to the intertwining of these two roles, they cannot be simply classified as either semantic or syntactic, and today, most researchers in this field, including Palmer, Hacquard, Cinque, Kratzer, Portner, and Saeed, consider modal elements to be syntactic–semantic. Understanding the various types of modality illuminates more capabilities of human language, and linguistic research, in addition to documenting and preserving local languages, serves as a touchstone for evaluating and consolidating existing linguistic theories. As of the writing of this article, no theory-based research has been conducted on modality in Laki. Nevertheless, considering the genetic relationship between Persian, Kurdish, and Laki, and the possibility of structural similarities among them, modality in Laki remains a viable area of research. The present study is the first theory-based research on modality in Laki, which analyzes modality of the element [m@] based on the framework of Palmer's (2001) view. Palmer (2001) provided a general classification of modalities. He believed that modal expressions are syntactic–semantic and conceptualized modal concepts in interaction with semantic propositions. In the first step, he distinguished between two general types of modality: propositional modality and event modality. Propositional modality pertains to the speaker's attitude toward the truth value of the related proposition and includes epistemic and evidential modality. Event modality, on the other hand, relates to events that are not yet real and have not yet occurred but are probable. This type includes deontic (obligatory) and dynamic modality. In this classification, each type of modality has subtypes that enable us to describe linguistic propositions precisely. Amouzadeh and Rezaei (2012) argue that in Persian, some syntactic elements such as tense also have a modal role, too. Rahimian and Amouzadeh (2013) consider Palmer's (1990) views valid for explaining and classifying modality by examining examples of modal verbs in Persian. Moradi (2012) has also identified modal auxiliary verbs in Sorani Kurdish based on Palmer's (1990) framework. Labafan Khosh and Darzi (2013) have determined the syntactic position of auxiliary verbs of possibility and necessity in Persian. Naghzgoy Kohan and Naghshbandi (2014) have identified the modal verbs in Horami based on Palmer's (1990) and (2001) frameworks. Rahimian (2011) considers modal auxiliary verbs in Persian include "bāyad" (must), "shayad" (become), "tavānestan" (can), and "khāstan" (want). Mirzaee (2020) considers modality and polarity to have common capabilities for expressing modal concepts. Mirza Beigi and colleagues (2019) have listed fifteen different modal states for modality in Kurdish Khezeli. Eilkhani Pour (2015) also considers modality to be subject to examination with the help of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatics. Methods The research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical method. Linguistic data were collected through the author's linguistic intuition and compared with their equivalents in Persian, Kurdish and English. After identifying [m@] as a modal auxiliary verb in Laki, its modality types were determined based on Palmer's (2001) framework. Finally, in order to better understand its roles, the syntactic positions of its different roles in sentences were determined. Results By presenting evidences, including: (a) equivalence of [m@] with modal auxiliary verbs in Persian and English, (b) traditional criterion of the non-inflectability of modal words, (c) quadruple characteristics of modal verbs in Persian, and (d) the commuting terms feature of modal auxiliary verbs, [m@] can be considered as a modal auxiliary verb in Laki. Since modal elements have different applications, this term has various roles depending on context, including a lexical role as a verbal element “to want”, a semantic role for expressing concepts of necessity and obligation, as well as a syntactic tool for indicating future tense. Conclusion Analyzing [m@] in Laki showed that this term, in addition to its lexical meaning "to want", also functions as a modal auxiliary verb. Furthermore, [m@] is a syntactic tool in representing the future tense in Laki. Additionally, the modality of this verb changes when pronounced differently in specific contexts; for instance, in contexts with deontic or obligatory modality, its modality shifts from obligatory to dynamic by changing its stress and emphasis. Then, based on the principles of universal hierarchy of projections by Cinque (1999), the syntactic positions of this element have been determined, and its semantic differences have been identified due to the presence of various syntactic positions. Specifically, when [m@] is positioned lower than the little verb, it means as a lexical verb, in root and volitive projections place, beside the syntactic role of tense, it expresses concepts of necessity and obligation, respectively. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. وجهیت یا وجه‌نمایی یکی از ابزارهای زبانی برای انتقال مفاهیمی همچون الزام، اجبار، احتمال، تعهد و فرض در زبان است. ازآنجاکه توصیف کامل رویدادها یا وضعیت‌ها صرفاً با استفاده از فعل یا گروه اسمی امکان‌پذیر نیست، وجه‌نمایی راهکاری مطلوب در همه زبان‌های بشری برای انتقال دقیق این مفاهیم است. شناخت انواع وجه روزنه‌ای به‌سوی‌ کشفِ بیشتر توانمندی‌های زبان بشر است. پژوهش پیشِ‌رو نخستین مطالعۀ نظریه‌بنیاد دربارۀ وجهیت در لکی است که در آن ابعاد وجهی عنصر [m@] در چارچوب آرای پالمر (2001) بررسی می‌شود. این واژه علاوه‌بر معنای واژگانی خواستن ماهیتی وجهی دارد؛ بنابراین، می‌توان آن را فعل کمکی وجهی قلمداد کرد. بررسی معنایی این عنصر وجهی بیانگر آن بود که فعل کمکی مذکور وجهیت‌های تکلیفی و پویا را در این زبان بازنمایی می‌کند. ازآنجا‌که لکی جزو زبان‌هایی است که فعل کمکی مشخصی برای زمان آینده ندارد، واژۀ [m@] علاوه‌بر نقش معنایی وجهی، در برخی بافت‌ها، بازنمایی دستوری زمان آینده را بر عهده دارد. همچنین در این پژوهش مشخص شد که معناهای مختلف این عنصر به حضور آن در جایگاه‌های نحوی مختلف مربوط می‌شود.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3079_4aa099b2626af49f91a23fb1f01be296.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 Age Variable in Language Maintenance or Change: A Case Study of Kermashani Kurdish نقش متغیر سن در حفظ یا تغییر زبان: مطالعه‌ای‌ موردی درباره کردی کرماشانی 53 70 3113 10.22126/jlw.2024.10368.1752 FA قدرت زارعی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علّامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران. 0009-0003-3156-7368 محمد دبیرمقدم استاد گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علّامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-9504-0376 Journal Article 2024 02 28 Language change among bi/multilingual societies is an issue of global concern. The bi/multilingual context in Kermanshah has, too, witnessed a significant tendency among families to marginalize the mother tongue. The purpose of this descriptive–analytical survey is to examine the effect of the participants’ age on the extent of language change among the Kermashani Kurdish speakers in Kermanshah. The hypothesis is that there is a direct correspondence between the age of participants and maintaining their language. That is, the youth (under 20) are increasingly shifting from Kurdish to Persian. To find the answer, 384 participants (male and female in 3 groups: under 20, 20–50, and more than 50) were selected by simple random sampling to fill up the questionnaire. The framework of the research was The Domain Analysis of Fishman (1966). The data were collected from different domains (family, street and market places, office/work, school, religion, art, and hobbies) and they were analyzed by SPSS software. The findings maintained that in family domain Kurdish is used even less than in office and marketplaces domains. Furthermore, the extent of Kurdish learning as the first language in over 50 persons was 85/2 percent in family domain, but it was about 28 percent in the youngest group (under 20). On the other hand, the acquisition of Persian language as the first language has unexpectedly raised more than 10 times compared to the other 2 older groups. That can be the sign of an accelerating language change among the youth. Introduction The development of technology and communication in the globalized world has made the native speakers of indigenous languages use formal and prestigious languages. So, language change among bi/multilingual societies is a global concern. This tendency which is the case for Iranian native languages and dialects can really weaken their status. Kermashani Kurdish, a variety of the Kurdish language, has long been spoken in Kermanshah in the west of Iran. These days, its usage has declined in various domains and Kurdish acquisition as a mother tongue has seriously decreased among the youth. It thus can threaten its survival in Kermanshah. The purpose of this study is to examine the participants’ age on the extent of language change among the Kermashani Kurdish speakers in this city. It also aims to study the speakers’ attitude towards their native language. The framework of the research is Fishman’s (1966) Domain Analysis, through which the language use can be measured based on setting, participants, or interlocutors. Generally, many studies conducted on language maintenance or change have addressed language change rather than language maintenance. Beck and Lam (2008) studied language shift of Totonac speakers to Spanish in Mexico. They adopted the term ‘linguistic suicide’ for the process. Habtoor (2012) studied language shift among the young Tigrinian-speaking Eritrean immigrants in Saudi Arabia. Wamaitha (2019) explored the extent of language shift among the youth in the multilingual society of Nairobi County in Kenya. Loutfi (2020) referred to the Arabization policy as the main factor for language shift in Morocco. In Iran, Bashirnezhad (2007) referred to the gradual loss of Mazandarani in Mazandaran province. Davari Ardakani and Mousakazemi (2009) mentioned that Naeini Dialect speakers in Naein are shifting to Persian. Zamani Roodsari (2010) said that the usage of Gilaki in Lahijan is rapidly decreasing. Methods In this research the domains of family, street and marketplaces, office/work, school, religion, art, and hobbies were considered for investigation. The main question was: What is the effect of age variable on the maintenance or change of Kermashani Kurdish in Kermanshah? The hypothesis is that there is a direct correspondence between the age of participants and maintaining their language. That is, the youth (under 20) are increasingly shifting from Kurdish to Persian. The current study is a descriptive–analytical survey that describes and analyzes the data collected through a questionnaire consisting of 32 questions. It investigates the usage of Kermashani Kurdish and Persian in different domains and the speakers’ attitude towards these languages. For this purpose, 384 subjects (male and female) were selected by Simple Random Sampling to fill out the questionnaire. The participants were equally divided into 3 groups (under 20, 20–50, and over 50 years old). The classified tables of data were described and analyzed using SPSS software. Results The data analysis indicated that in the family domain, Kurdish is used even less than in the office and marketplaces domains. Furthermore, the extent of Kurdish acquisition as the first language in over 50 group was 85/2 percent but in the youngest group (under 20) only 28 percent had acquired Kurdish as their first language. On the other hand, Persian language learning as the first language in this group has unexpectedly increased more than 10 times compared to the other two groups. The language used for communication with the family members was a function of participants’ age. For example, 61 percent of the young group used Kurdish when talking to their grandparents. On the other hand, 49 percent of this group spoke with their parents in Kurdish. During communicating with their young brothers and sisters, only 7/8 percent of them use Kurdish. As for the school domain, almost 83 percent of the students in the youngest group claimed to speak Persian with their teachers in the classroom and 79 percent of them use Persian when speaking with one another in the classroom. However, these percentages in the 20–50 group were 55 percent and 41.5 percent, respectively. The usage of language in the street and marketplaces is influenced by the social position, situation, age, and so on, of the interlocutors. However, Kermashani Kurdish usage in the youngest group has declined in contrast to the other groups. For instance, 60/2 percent of the participants under 20 years old speak with their neighbors in Persian whereas, 32 percent of 20–50 group use Persian in this context. In the formal domain of the office, about 51 percent of the youngest group use Persian when interacting with clerks at their offices and in talking to a doctor at his or her office, about 62 percent of them speak Persian. For the 20–50 group, the above percentages are 42 and 29 percent, respectively. The domain of religion and art are subject-oriented rather than dependent on participants or situation. Although 64 percent of the questioned persons in 20–50 group prefer Kurdish to Persian in music, only 35 percent of the youngest group prefer Kurdish. At the religion domain, the findings showed the dominance of Persian usage in the youngest group but only 18 percent of the 20–50 years group use Persian in worship and prayers. Conclusion Generally speaking, the findings of the study indicate that the youth are shifting from Kurdish to Persian. The arguments supporting this claim are as follows: The youth tendency to use Persian implies a decrease in native speakers of Kermashani in the future. Although the religious domain is one of the last domains for a seriously endangered language, Kermashani Kurdish in Kermanshah is not widely used in religious affairs. The lack of a strong positive attitude toward Kermashani Kurdish in the youth signifies the lack of determination to maintain their native language. As a result, Kermanshah is experiencing an accelerating language change among the youth. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. تغییر زبان در جامعه‌های دو یا چندزبانه دغدغه‌ای جهانی است. در شهر دو یا چندزبانة کرمانشاه نیز گرایش قوی برای به‌حاشیه‌راندن زبان مادری درمیانِ خانواده‌ها مشاهده می‌شود. هدف اصلی در این پژوهشِ توصیفی-تحلیلی، بررسی تأثیر سن بر تغییر زبان گویشوران کردی کرماشانی در شهر کرمانشاه است. فرضیة پژوهش این است که بین سن مخاطبان و حفظ زبان رابطه‌ای مستقیم وجود دارد؛ یعنی نوجوانان به‌سرعت درحالِ تغییر زبان کردی به فارسی هستند. برای انجام پژوهش حاضر، 384 آزمودنی (مرد و زن از 3 گروه سنی زیر 20 سال، 20 تا 50 سال و 50 سال به بالا) به‌صورت تصادفی ساده برگزیده شدند تا به پرسش‌نامه پاسخ دهند. چارچوب نظری پژوهش، شیوة تحلیل حوزه‌ای فیشمن (1966) است. داده‌ها از حوزه‌های مختلف زبانی (خانواده، کوچه و بازار، اداره، مدرسه، مذهب و هنر و سرگرمی) گردآوری و با نرم‌افزار SPSS تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد زبان کردی در حوزة خانواده حتی کمتر از حوزه‌های اداری و کوچه و بازار است. همچنین میزان یادگیری این زبان در خانواده‌های کرمانشاهی به‌‌عنوان زبان اول از 5/82 درصد در مخاطبان بالای 50 سال به 28 درصد در افراد زیر 20 سال کاهش یافته است. درمقابل، فراگیری فارسی به‌منزلة زبان اول در مقایسه با دو گروه سنی بالاتر به‌یکباره حدود 10 برابر افزایش یافته است. یافته‌ها بیانگر شتاب در فرایند تغییر زبان در نوجوانان کرمانشاه است.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3113_6433cc1710f9674f83a7383d89e0a765.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 Analysis of Semantic and Reading-Manner Feedbacks of Persian Writing of Kurdish Toponym: A Case Study of Some Toponyms in Kermanshah Province واکاوی بازخوردهای معنایی و خوانشی فارسی‌نویسی جای‌نام‌های کردی: مطالعۀ موردی برخی جای‌نام‌های استان کرمانشاه 71 84 3112 10.22126/jlw.2024.10425.1756 FA وحید سجادی فر دانش‌آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0002-0701-1920 نسترن کسانی دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد زبان‌شناسی همگانی، گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0002-8089-9241 علی اکبر کمالی نهاد استادیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-7217-251X Journal Article 2024 03 19 This research with descriptive–analytic method and case study, by studying some Kurdish Toponym in Kermanshah province, aims to analyze the semantic and reading manner feedbacks of Persian writing of Toponym, with regard to their meaning and reading manner among Kurdish speakers. This research also aims to consider the probable of damages caused by Persian writing to this Toponym. Findings of this research indicate that Persian writing of Kurdish Toponym in Kermanshah province reflects four types of semantic and reading feedbacks which include: (a) semantic and reading transformation of Toponym, (b) becoming meaningless and fading of Kurdish reading manner of Toponym, (c) meaning constancy of Toponym with their Persian equivalent and fading their Kurdish manner, and (d) approximate protection of Kurdish reading manner of Toponym and not-transferring its meaning to non-Kurdish speakers. In most of cases, Persian writing is done based on public etymology or the same etymology based on guess and supposition. With regard to mentioned results, this research reveals that Persian writing of Kurdish place names in Kermanshah province causes serious damages to original and native reading manner and meaning of Kurdish Toponym. Introduction Toponyms are those components that, by studying them, we can find something about hidden aspects of the past time of a nation in a special place, so any transformation without expertise in Toponymy causes the elimination of a part of cultural antecedent of a region and its population. In other words, Toponymy are words that are very important in terms of cultural, political, social, geographical, historical, etc. functions, and any non-scientific and unprofessional transformation of their vocabulary or semantic structure can cause irreparable damage to the accurate understanding of a culture’s past by future generations. Toponyms form the historical, genealogical, religious, and geographical identities of villages, cities, countries, and, more broadly, all places associated with them. In this context, the Persian rendering of Kurdish toponyms includes transformations that may damage the original meanings and pronunciation of these place names. Thus, this research aims to analyze the semantic and reading impacts of the Persian transcription of Kurdish toponyms in Kermanshah Province by examining selected Kurdish place names and their meanings among Kurdish speakers Methods This research was conducted using a descriptive–analytic method combined with a case study approach. Rather than examining all Kurdish toponyms in Kermanshah Province, the researcher randomly selected and studied a number of representative examples to support the research hypothesis. This article aims to consider and analyze the Persian writing feedbacks of some Kurdish Toponyms in Kermanshah province, based on their reading and meaning among Kurdish speakers. In this research, several toponyms from urban and rural areas, as well as other locations in the province, are studied in terms of meaning and Kurdish reading. These are then compared with their transformed forms in Persian writing, focusing on the changes in both reading and meaning. Results Findings of this research indicate that Persian writing of Kurdish Toponyms in Kermanshah province reflects four types of semantic and reading feedbacks which include: (a) semantic and reading transformation of Toponym, (b) becoming meaningless and fading of Kurdish reading manner of Toponym (c) meaning constancy of Toponym with their Persian equivalent and fading their Kurdish manner, and (d) approximate protection of Kurdish reading manner of Toponym and not-transferring its meaning to non-Kurdish speakers. In most cases, Persian writing is based on folk etymology, or etymological interpretation grounded in guesswork and supposition, rather than linguistic accuracy. Conclusion Persian writing of the Kurdish Toponymys of Kermanshah province is inevitable due to the standard and formality of the Persian language and this has caused many of these Toponymys to be written in Persian, during which four feedbacks have been created. In the first point of view, the semantic transformation of place name in the course of Persian writing is due to the popular etymology of place name, which is based on speculations that do not have a scientific basis (meaning Toponymy, onomastic, and etymology), without considering the meaning of the word in Kurdish language and dialect, and based solely on the appearance of a Kurdish word with a word in Persian, a Kurdish Toponymy is written by changing some consonants and vowels in Persian, and this causes a change in the Kurdish reading and a change in the meaning of the Toponymy. In the second type of feedback resulting from the Persian writing of Kurdish toponyms, the Kurdish reading of Toponymy is lost and a word is created that has no meaning. In other words, during this feedback, no effort is made to convey the original meaning of the placeholder or even to create a meaning that, while different from the original meaning, is comprehensible in Persian language. In the third type of feedback observed in the Persian writing of Kermanshah's Kurdish toponyms, there is an intentional effort to preserve the original meaning of the place name. In this approach, the toponym is translated into Persian, and its meaning directly corresponds to that of the original Kurdish name. However, during this process, the Kurdish reading is completely lost. In the fourth and final type of feedback, efforts are made to preserve the Kurdish reading of the toponym as closely as possible when writing it in Persian. Despite these efforts, due to the structural and semantic differences between Kurdish and Persian, the original meaning is not accurately conveyed to non-Kurdish speakers. In other words, while the toponyms may be read by non-Kurdish readers, they carry no special interpretation in Persian. For Kurdish speakers, however, these toponyms retain both their Kurdish meaning and authentic reading. Therefore, in the course of Persian writing, in most cases, a part of the reading or the meaning of the Kurdish toponyms is often compromised. In cases where these two are preserved, the result is typically incomprehensible to non-Kurdish speakers. Based on these findings, this research proposes that in the process of writing Kurdish toponyms into Persian, emphasis should be placed on preserving the Kurdish reading, while also providing the Persian translation of the meaning alongside the toponym. This approach would both respect the cultural and linguistic integrity of Kurdish place names and enhance understanding for non-Kurdish speakers. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. پژوهش پیشِ‌رو مطالعه‌ای موردی است که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است با مطالعۀ برخی جای‌نام‌های کردی در استان کرمانشاه -باتوجه‌به معنا و خوانش آن‌ها درمیانِ گویشوران کُرد- بازخوردهای معنایی و خوانشی فارسی‌نویسی در این جای‌نام‌ها و احتمال آسیب‌رساندن فارسی‌نویسی به آن‌ها بررسی شود. یافته‌‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که فارسی‌نویسیِ جای‌نام‌های کردی استان کرمانشاه چهار بازخورد معنایی و خوانشی دارد: الف) دگرگونی معنایی و خوانشی جای‌نام‌ها؛ ب) بی‌معناشدن و ازبین‌رفتن خوانش کردی جای‌نام‌ها؛ ج) ثبات معنایی جای‌نام‌ها با معادل‌نویسی فارسی و ازمیان‌رفتن خوانش کردی آن‌ها؛ د) حفظ تقریبی خوانش کردی جای‌نام‌ها و انتقال‌نیافتن معنای آن‌ها به غیرکردزبانان. بیشتر این بازخوردها که بازخوردهای یک تا سه را شامل می‌شوند، حاصل فارسی‌نویسی واژه‎ها برپایۀ ریشه‌شناسی عامیانه یا همان ریشه‌شناسی برپایۀ حدس و گمان است. باتوجه‌به یافته‌های یادشده، در این پژوهش مشخص شد که فارسی‌نویسی جای‌نام‌های کردی در استان کرمانشاه، به اصالت خوانش و معنای آن‌ها آسیبی جدی رسانده است.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3112_4dfd68ba6f031874cd0dfb2f45b530f9.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 13 2 2025 06 22 The Analysis of Secondary Ditransitive Verbs in Jafi Kurdish Language in the Framework of Distributional Morphology تحلیل افعال دومفعولی فرعی در گونه جافی زبان کردی در چارچوب صرف توزیعی 85 102 3198 10.22126/jlw.2024.10477.1759 FA جبار میرانی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، آموزش‌وپرورش جوانرود، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0001-8265-6289 هیوا ویسی دانشیار زبان‌شناسی کاربردی، گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0002-1678-2508 فاروق میرانی کارشناسی‌ارشد روان‌شناسی زبان، آموزش‌وپرورش ثلاث باباجانی، کرمانشاه، ایران. Journal Article 2024 04 21 The purpose of this paper is to show that, firstly, the Jafi dialect of Kurdish language can transform single transitive verbs into secondary ditransitive verbs in two ways, and secondly, the constructions containing them are analyzed better under the framework of the Distributional Morphology (DM). In the first way, one of the prepositions along with the indirect object are added to the sentence containing transitive verbs. In the second method, in addition to them, the applicative–causative morpheme should be added to the root of the transitive and intransitive verbs. There are some evidences that the syntax-oriented approach of DM is better able to analyze the syntactic structure, categorization, semantic, and phonetic representation of these constructions. The results of the analysis of the main and secondary ditransitive constructions of the Jafi variety support the existence of low applicative phrase (ApplPlow) and high applicative phrase (ApplPhigh) respectively in the literature. ApplPlow is placed below VP for showing syntactic alignment of the main ditransitive constructions; however, ApplPhigh is placed above the VP and below the voice phrase (Voicep) to introduce the syntactic arrangement of secondary ditransitive constructions. It can be concluded that the syntactic-based approach of DM can differentiate the categorization, phonetic, and semantic representation of secondary and main ditransitive verbs appropriately. Introduction Argument structure refers to the set of arguments associated with each predicate, in addition to the predicate itself, each bearing a distinct semantic role. The argument structure of the main ditransitive verbs contains two internal arguments and one external argument, and in terms of the linear order, ditransitive verbs appear in two forms of double object construction (DOC) as in (1a) and double complement construction (DCC) as in (1b) in English and many other languages. In DCC, the order of the internal arguments is in the form of direct object and indirect object. In some languages, a preposition or a postposition or both of them simultaneously come along with the indirect object. Despite this, the linear sequence of DOC is in the order of an indirect object and then a direct object, and there is no extra pre or postposition between the two objects. However, in a number of languages, various suffixes and morphological markers appear in ditransitive constructions, indicating that linear order alone is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing between DOC and DCC. a) I give Ahmad the money. b) I give the money to Ahmad. Contrary to the above classification, constructions containing ditransitive verbs in Jafi, as a variety of the central dialect of the Kurdish language that is spoken in most of the cities of Hawraman region in the northwest and west of Kermanshah province, are divided into two categories: basic transitional ditransitive verbs and secondary ditransitive verbs. Basic transitional object verbs include two classes: (a) possession transfer verbs such as "dän=giving" and (b) place transfer verbs like "(ha)närdin=sending". Secondary ditransitive constructions are also divided into two subgroups: (a) prepositions are added along with the indirect object to sentences containing transitive verbs, as in (2a) and (b) in addition to this, the applicative–causative morpheme /ên/ in the present tense and /(ä)n/ in the past should be added to the root of the transitive and intransitive action verbs as in (2b). As the data in (2a) and (2b) show, this action affects the syntactic capacity, semantic and phonetic representation, and even the event structure of the construction a) (min) bo däik-im dafr-ak-än- im (bo- i) šor -d (I) for mother-my dishes- DE (for him) wash- PTM "I washed the dishes for my mother." b) ema be aw (pêi)čêšt-(i) a- xor- ên - in We- to him food- accu –PTS- eat- Ap-CAS "We feed him." Most research has been carried out under the generative framework of lexicalism and syntactic-oriented approaches based on English ditransitive data. However, different languages have different ditransitive constructions with their own characteristics. Each researcher refers to a specific criterion for identifying ditransitive constructions (Bars & Lasnik, 1986; Harley, 2002; Jackendoff, 1990; Larsen, 1988). In this regard, Pilkanen (2008) presents the semantic criteria of transfer of possession and location from the direct object to the indirect object as a prerequisite for the low applicative phrase (ApplPlow) in basic ditransitive verbs. He also cites the criterion of linking the external argument with the event structure of the entire verbal phrase (VP) to determine the high applicative phrase (ApplPhigh) in verbs that require secondary objects. In this context, Harley (2013) provides evidence from Hiaki language in support of the findings of Pilkanen (2008) in the domain of “little v’ Phrase. He states that the behavior of applicative constructions shows that the causative-making head of v does not introduce the external argument; rather, it only introduces the morphological and semantic features of the causative argument and event. However, a higher head called “voiceP” introduces the external argument to the structure syntactically. Therefore, the current study seeks to answer a fundamental question regarding how the argument structure of secondary ditransitive constructions in the Jafi variety of Kurdish is represented within the framework of Distributional Morphology (DM) (Harley, 2012; Sadighi, 2009), as follows: How are the argument structures of secondary ditransitive constructions in Jafi categorized, and how are they semantically and phonetically represented within the syntactic-oriented framework of DM? Methods This is a theoretical study using the qualitative approach. In order to analyze the data, we adopted a generative framework, especially its latest form, the Distributional Morphology. Researchers are native Kurdish speakers of Jafi variety belonging to the central dialect of Kurdish language. In addition to using linguistic intuition, the researchers also used the linguistic judgment of other native speakers of Jafi Kurdish to ensure the accuracy of data. The purpose of this paper is to show that, firstly, the Jafi dialect of Kurdish language can transform single transitive verbs into ditransitive verbs in two ways, and secondly, the constructions containing them are better analyzed under the framework of the Distributional Morphology (DM). In the first way, one of the prepositions along with the indirect object are added to the sentence containing transitive verbs. In the second method, in addition to them, the applicative–causative morpheme should be added to the root of the transitive and intransitive action verbs. Thus, some evidences like the unmarked linear order of secondary ditransitive constructions indicate that the syntax-oriented approach of DM, in which the syntax is the productive engine that generates the combination and construction of words in the same way as phrases and sentences, is better able to analyze the syntactic structure, categorization, and semantic representation of these constructions. Results The results of the analysis of the main and secondary ditransitive constructions of the Jafi variety support the existence of low applicative phrase (ApplPlow) and high applicative phrase (ApplPhigh) respectively in the literature. ApplPlow is placed below VP for showing syntactic alignment of the main ditransitive constructions; however, ApplPhigh is placed above the VP and below the voice phrase (Voicep) to introduce the syntactic arrangement of secondary ditransitive constructions. The results indicate that the syntactic-based approach of DM can differentiate the categorization, phonetic, and semantic representation of secondary and main ditransitive verbs appropriately. Therefore, categorization is complete in phonetic form for phonetic representation and in logical form for semantic representation. Phonetic representation takes place based on the features obtained from the final nodes of the syntactic alignment in the spell-out stage. Thus, these features are subjected to special morpho–syntactic processes of merger, movement, re-alignment, and case-marking in order to achieve the final phonetic form and to prevent the derivation from being crashed. Semantic representation is also obtained according to the logical form and event structure resulting from the syntactic alignment as in Hovav and Levin (2008). The core category (“little v’ Phrase) and shell category (VP) introduce the causal event structure and resultative event structure into the syntactic alignment, respectively. Adding the indirect object causes the AspP category to chang the action event structure of the sentence into a telic event structure. The applicative semantic role is obtained from the second head of the ApplPhigh category. This head also establishes the relationship between applicative category with the entire verbal event structure. The agent argument is also introduced in the head of the VoiceP. Beyond this, the head of the VoiceP establishes the relationship between the external argument and the vP phase. Other categories such as TP and CP are present in syntactic alignment to complete the process of categorizing predicates and arguments and turning them into full statements. Conclusion Argument structure of ditransitive verbs is one of the challenging topics in linguistic texts. In this regard, the present paper investigated secondary ditransitive verbs in the Jafi dialect of the Kurdish language. The results indicated that the syntactic-oriented approach of DM can best explain the categorization, phonetic and semantic representation of the argument structure of secondary ditransitive construction of Jafi variety; thus, providing a suitable answer to the basic question of the current study. With the help of many arguments including the unmarked linear order of these constructions, it was confirmed that the categorization, semantic and phonetic representation of these constructions, unlike those of the main ditransitive verbs, begin in the syntactic section and are completed in the post-syntactic stages, in accordance with the revised version of Pilkanen (2008), as explicated in the previous section The analysis of these constructions under the current theoretical linguistic trends can shed more light on the study of various aspects of Kurdish dialects specifically and other Iranian languages in general. Thus, many subjects and issues remain to be studied under the syntactic-based approach of DM by future researchers. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. افعال دومفعولی اصلی از ساخت‌های موجود در زبان‌های طبیعی هستند. به‌علاوه، زبان‌ها به‌کمک روش‌هایی افعال تک‌مفعولی را به افعال دومفعولی فرعی تبدیل می‌کنند. در مقالة حاضر تلاش بر آن است که نشان داده شود: اول اینکه در گونة جافی به دو روش افعال تک‌مفعولی به افعال دومفعولی فرعی تبدیل می‌شوند؛ دوم اینکه ساخت‌های دارای افعال دومفعولی فرعی در چارچوب رویکرد صرف توزیعی بهتر از دیگر رویکردهای زبانی تحلیل می‌شوند. در روش نخست، یکی از حروف اضافه همراهِ مفعول غیرصریح به جملة دارای افعال گذرای غایتمند اضافه می‌شود. در روش دوم، علاوه‌بر آن‌ها تکواژ الحاقی-سببی باید به ریشة افعال گذرای غایتمند و ناگذر کنشی اضافه شود. شواهدی وجود دارند که رویکرد نحومحور صرف توزیعی بهتر می‌تواند ساختار نحوی، مقوله‌بندی و بازنمود معنایی این ساخت‌ها را تحلیل کند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل ساخت‌های دومفعولی اصلی و فرعی گونة جافی به‌ترتیب از وجود دو مقولة الحاقی پایین و الحاقی بالا در پیشینة پژوهشی حمایت می‌کنند. مقولة الحاقی پایین (AppIPlow) برای آرایش نحوی ساخت‌های اصلی پایین‌تر از vP قرار می‌گیرد؛ بااین‌حال، مقوله الحاقی بالا (AppIPhigh) برای معرفی ساختار نحوی افعال دومفعولی فرعی بالاتر از مقولة vP و پایین‌تر از مقولة جهت (VoiceP) جای می‌گیرد. ساختار نحوی حاصل در چارچوب رویکرد صرف توزیعی، تمایز مقوله‌بندی و بازنمایی آوایی و معنایی افعال دومفعولی فرعی و اصلی را موجب می‌شود.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3198_092906e3b2d6153b081041c7fdceef10.pdf