دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 A Comparative Study of Locative Suffixes in Persian and Azari Turkish: Cognitive Morphology Approach نگاهی مقابله‌ای و مقایسه‌ای به پسوندهای مکان‌ساز فارسی و ترکی آذری: رویکرد صرف شناختی 1 17 3719 10.22126/jlw.2025.11418.1806 FA شیوا احمدی مدرس مدعو، گروه زبان‌شناسی و آزفا، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران. 0009-0007-1131-8427 ابراهیم رضاپور استادیار، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 11 20 The purpose of the present paper is to examine the suffixes that form place names in Azerbaijani Turkish from the perspective of Cognitive Morphology. To this end, we examine and compare the corresponding suffixes in Persian and Azerbaijani Turkish with regard to the concepts of category, domain, and construal. The data for this study were obtained from the Persian–Turkish Dictionary by Shahmersi (1388). According to Cognitive Morphology, each suffix carries a particular meaning and contributes to the conceptualization of the word in which it occurs. By comparing place nouns in Persian and Azerbaijani Turkish, we found that Azerbaijani Turkish contains several suffixes that are used to construe and designate places. However, the comparison also reveals that some nouns expressed through suffixation in Persian are expressed as simple nouns in Azerbaijani Turkish, and vice versa. These cases will be discussed in the analysis section with relevant examples. Another finding is that certain suffixes occur more frequently than others and may convey different meanings depending on the context in which they are used. Introduction In this study, an attempt is made to determine, whether the locative suffixes in Persian have equivalents with the same meaning in Azari Turkish or not, based on cognitive approach. The authors, using a descriptive-analytical method, have examined examples of place names in Turkish and their equivalents in Persian. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the cognitive concepts according to Hamavand (2008), such as the theory of categorization, domainization, and conceptualization. In fact, the purpose of this research is to compare the locative suffixes in Azeri Turkish with the aforementioned suffixes in Persian to determine whether equivalents of Persian locative suffixes can be found in Azeri Turkish. In other words, the goal is to compare Persian and Turkish locative suffixes. In this study, the meanings of each of the locative suffixes in Azeri Turkish have been examined based on the criteria proposed in the cognitive approach. The present study is important in two ways: First, by comparing the two languages Persian and Azeri Turkish from one aspect, namely examining locative suffixes, we can understand the differences and similarities of the aforementioned languages in representing the concept of place; In this case, a description of the Turkish language can be presented in comparison with the Persian language and the descriptive goal can be achieved. Second, from a theoretical point of view, studying languages based on a cognitive approach can reveal what goes on in the minds of speakers of those languages, including patterns related to conceptualization; By comparing the locative suffixes in Persian and Turkish, we can to some extent understand the cognitive differences and similarities between Turkish and Persian speakers in representing and creating the concept of place. From an applied perspective, the results of this research are also important. Comparing two languages and identifying their differences and similarities can be effective in language teaching; for example, if a Turkish-speaking learner wants to learn Persian, the teaching can be facilitated by relying on the similarity between the locative suffixes in Turkish and Persian. Because learning a language based on its similarity to the mother tongue makes learning easier. On the other hand, differences between two languages can create challenges for language learners; therefore, a teacher, knowing these challenges and differences between languages, can provide an appropriate lesson plan. In writing language teaching books, one can also start by teaching the similarities between the language being taught and the learners' native language, in order to create motivation and excitement in the language learner from a cognitive perspective and to make them interested in learning the language. Bozorgmehr (2015) believes that among young people and adolescents, talent along with enthusiasm and motivation are two important indicators for learning a second language. Method This research examines and compares place suffixes in Azeri Turkish and Persian using a lexical and descriptive-inferential approach. Nouns derived from Turkish place suffixes that were equivalent to Persian place suffixes were extracted using Shahmorsi and Ershadifar dictionaries. The meaning of each word in the two languages was examined and compared and classified based on semantic concepts. 175 place names in Turkish were collected from the Dictionary of Turkish Vocabulary in Persian Language and Literature (Irshadifar, 2000) and the Persian-Turkish Dictionary of Shahmorsi (Zare Shahmorsi, 2009). The meaning of each case was examined in the dictionaries of Amid and Dehkhoda. Results Based on the concepts of categorization, conceptualization, and domainization, it was concluded that in Turkish there are locative suffixes equivalent to locative suffixes in Persian. Of course, there are differences and similarities between these two languages, which we will mention in this section. In both languages, the concept of location and smallness is conveyed by symbols, which in Turkish include “-liq, -mɑ:dʒ, -dʒik, -ʈʃɑ: and –gah” And in Persian include “-kæde”. As a result, the Azeri Turkish language has a larger number of symbols to represent the concept of smallness of space. Also, it seems that the concept of place and the concept of plurality in Turkish are interpreted as a place covered by something. According to Karbalai Sadeq and Gulfam (2016), this concept is objectified in Persian with the suffix “zɑ:r”; while in Azeri Turkish, this concept is represented with the suffixes "-lɑ:n and -lɑ:q". In Turkish, place names that are the place where a process takes place are represented by the suffixes "-liq, -lik, -qɑ:, -ɑ:q, -mɑ:, -jɑ:r, -lɑ:q and -dʒɑ:q"; While in Persian, the suffix "-gɑ:h" conveys this concept. According to the examples mentioned, the number of locative suffixes that convey existing concepts in Persian are more diverse in Azeri Turkish. Many concepts that are conveyed in Persian through compound nouns are conveyed in Azeri Turkish through the addition of locative suffixes. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest اشتقاق و ترکیب از فرایندهای زایای واژه‌سازی در زبان فارسی هستند که برای ساخت واژه‌هایی با مفاهیم گوناگون به ‌کار می‌روند. این فرایندهای واژه‌سازی به بازنمایی مفاهیمی جدید می‌انجامند که گویشوران زبان در موقعیت‌های گوناگون از آن‌ها استفاده می‌کنند. دراین‌بین، در زبان فارسی، برای بازنمایی مفهوم مکان از پسوندهای متنوعی استفاده می‌شود که هریک دامنة معنایی و کارکرد متفاوتی دارند؛ به‌بیان دیگر، این پسوندها ازنظر معنایی کاملاً مترادف نیستند. اما در زبان ترکی علاوه‌بر پسوندها و اشتقاق، فرایند ترکیب در ساخت واژه‌های مکان‌ساز نقشی اساسی دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدفِ مقایسة تطبیقیِ پسوندهای مکان‌ساز در دو زبان فارسی و ترکی آذری و در چارچوب رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. در پژوهش حاضر، با بهره‌گیری از مفاهیم «مقوله‌بندی»، «حوزه‌بندی» و «مفهوم‌سازی» در حوزة صرف شناختی تلاش می‌شود به این پرسش‌ها پاسخ داده ‌شود: معادل‌های ساخت‌واژیِ پسوندهای مکان‌سازِ فارسی در ترکی آذری کدام‌اند؟ آیا تناظر یک‌به‌یک میان فضاهای معنایی مکان و صورت واژه‌ها در این دو زبان برقرار است؟ ازمنظر ساختِ واژه و مفاهیم مکانی، چه تفاوت‌هایی میان این دو زبان وجود دارد؟ داده‌های پژوهش به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای از منابعی مانند فرهنگ واژگان ترکی در زبان و ادبیات فارسی (عادل ارشادی‌‌فرد، 1379) و فرهنگ لغات فارسی-ترکی شاهمرسی (1388) گردآوری شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که اگرچه در زبان ترکی آذری پسوندهایی معادلِ پسوندهای مکان‌ساز فارسی وجود دارد، در برخی موارد، اسم‌های مکانی که در فارسی با پسوند ساخته می‌شوند، در زبان ترکی به‌صورت اسم ساده بازنمایی می‌شوند. همچنین مشخص شد که برخی پسوندهای ترکی آذری بسامد بالا دارند و چندمعنایی هستند.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3719_61bb44b865c064672052e11a4acae249.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 Automatic Author Gender Identification From Persian Text Using ParseBert and Linguistic Features تشخیص خودکار جنسیت نویسنده متن فارسی با استفاده از مدل پارس‌برت و ویژگی‌های زبانی 19 35 3866 10.22126/jlw.2025.11743.1814 FA محمد بحرانی استادیار، گروه ریاضی، دانشکدة آمار، ریاضی و رایانه، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-1645-1562 سیده ساره صادقی دکتری زبان‌شناسی همگانی، گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده زبان و ادبیات، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران 0000-0003-3049-9968 Journal Article 2025 02 07 The sentences that people use during writing contain valuable information that can be used to identify the author's gender. Meanwhile, the use of deep learning algorithms in natural language processing helps identify hidden patterns in the text. In this research, an attempt is made to design a system for the Persian language that identifies the author's gender by fine-tuning the parameters of the ParsBERT model. For this purpose, first, a corpus of 5,000 documents labeled with gender tags is prepared, and then the author's gender identification system is designed and evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Experimental results show that the F-measure of the gender identification task is 76.5%. The proposed method is also compared with classic machine learning methods. It also achieves better results compared with the LSTM model. The results obtained from comparing the corpus prepared in this research with the corpus prepared in previous research for gender identification show an improvement in the system's performance. Thus, the use of new deep learning methods, such as the ParsBERT model, and appropriate data are among the main achievements of this research. Introduction Automatic gender classification has become a pivotal research area within computational linguistics due to its wide-ranging applications, including the enhancement of user-friendly digital environments and the improvement of security in online interactions. Since Koppel et al. (2002) pioneered automatic gender identification, technological advancements have increased interest in developing systems that infer demographic attributes, such as gender and age, as well as affective characteristics such as sentiment, from text. For Persian, a language with limited NLP resources, developing such systems is crucial for creating safer and more interactive online spaces, especially given that users can conceal their identities on social media platforms. This study stands out by introducing a gender-labeled emotional corpus and employing ParsBERT, a transformer-based model specifically designed for Persian, to capture subtle linguistic patterns that distinguish between male and female writing styles. The research examines whether ParsBERT can accurately identify the gender of authors in Persian texts and whether the use of an emotionally labeled corpus can enhance classification performance compared with other datasets. The hypotheses of this study are that linguistic features, such as emotional adjectives and adverbs, differ significantly between genders and that deep learning models, such as ParsBERT, outperform traditional machine learning methods. Theoretical Background The study is grounded in several decades of research on gender differences in language use. Lakoff (1975) argued that women tend to use specific linguistic patterns, such as confirmatory phrases (e.g., “isn’t it?”), which may reflect social dynamics. Tannen (1994) expanded on this perspective by identifying collaborative speech styles among women, emphasizing empathy, in contrast to competitive styles among men, which focus more on information transfer. Holmes (2013) highlighted the influence of social, cultural, and situational factors, cautioning against overgeneralizing gender differences. Brown and Levinson (1987) associated linguistic politeness strategies with social power dynamics. Recent studies, such as Brody (2013), have explored multifaceted factors, including age and ethnicity, while Chai et al. (2016) have examined online communication. Women have been reported to use more descriptive and emotional vocabulary, such as adjectives (“beautiful,” “amazing”) and intensifiers (“very,” “truly”), while men have been reported to favor functional, direct language (Newman et al., 2008). These differences provide a basis for feature selection in automated gender identification, while acknowledging the complexity of syntactic, semantic, and contextual linguistic patterns. Related Work Previous research on gender identification has covered various languages and methodological approaches. Cheng et al. (2011) achieved 85.1% accuracy in English using statistical features and classifiers, including Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Decision Trees. In Arabic, Alsmearat et al. (2017) employed bag-of-words representations and morphological features, while Rangel et al. (2019) found that SVM and neural networks were effective. Sboev et al. (2018) used convolutional and LSTM networks for Russian texts, which outperformed traditional methods. In Persian, Moradi and Bahrani (2015) reported 73.8% accuracy using psycholinguistic and stylistic features with traditional classifiers. Sajedi and Taslimi (2019) achieved 89.5% accuracy using Bayesian Random Forests on blog data. Zarifi and Naghavi (2022) reported an accuracy of 81.09% using conceptual vectorization, while Hekmatianzadehpour and Jalali Bidgoli (2019) obtained 85.7% accuracy by incorporating punctuation and n-grams. These studies highlight the potential of combining linguistic features with machine learning approaches, but they also underscore the relatively limited attention given to Persian-specific systems, which is the gap addressed by this research. Methodology The methodology focuses on constructing a gender-labeled emotional corpus and applying ParsBERT in conjunction with traditional classifiers. The corpus, adapted from Sadeghi et al. (2021), includes 23,000 Persian sentences categorized into five emotion categories (anger, sadness, joy, fear, and surprise), of which 5,000 documents (2,500 for each gender) were manually labeled according to gender. Preprocessing involves normalization, stemming, and stop-word removal to address Persian-specific challenges, such as inconsistent spacing and orthographic variations (Ghayoomi et al., 2009). For text representation, Word2Vec and bag-of-words approaches are employed, with 100-dimensional vectors representing the average word embeddings of each document. Classification models include Naive Bayes, SVM, Decision Trees (J48), LSTM, and ParsBERT. ParsBERT, a BERT-based model developed for Persian, is fine-tuned with a batch size of 32, a learning rate of 10⁻⁴, and a feed-forward layer with softmax activation for binary classification (female vs. male). It employs 12 hidden layers, 12 attention heads, and a 768-dimensional hidden representation, and is optimized using the Adam optimizer (Kingma & Ba, 2014). Performance is evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation with precision, recall, and F1-score as evaluation metrics. Evaluation ParsBERT achieved the highest performance, with an accuracy of 77%, a recall of 76%, and an F1-score of 76.5%, surpassing traditional classifiers and the LSTM model. Its superior performance can be attributed to its transformer-based architecture, which is capable of capturing deep semantic relationships and subtle stylistic differences, such as pronoun usage, sentence length, and emotional tone, that are not readily captured by TF-IDF or Word2Vec embeddings. A comparison with the corpus developed by Moradi and Bahrani (2015), which comprises conversational texts, reviews, and narratives, indicates that the model performs better on the emotional corpus. This improvement may be attributed to the corpus’s emphasis on emotionally charged texts, which may provide more salient gender-related linguistic patterns. The error analysis revealed three main types of errors: neutral texts that are difficult to distinguish based on gender, texts in which one gender adopts stylistic patterns associated with the other gender, and errors arising from model limitations resulting from the relatively small size of the dataset. Increasing the size and diversity of the corpus may help reduce these errors and consequently improve overall classification performance. Conclusion This study contributes to the advancement of automatic gender identification in Persian by introducing a gender-labeled emotional corpus and leveraging the deep-learning capabilities of ParsBERT. The achieved accuracy of 77% demonstrates the effectiveness of transformer-based models in capturing nuanced linguistic differences in comparison with traditional methods. The emotional corpus may further enhance classification performance by providing linguistically rich, emotionally charged texts that highlight gender-specific language patterns. The publicly available corpus provides a valuable resource for future research in Persian NLP. More broadly, this study contributes to the development of NLP resources for low-resource languages and may support more effective human–machine interactions in digital environments. Future research could focus on developing larger and more diverse corpora and investigating more advanced transformer-based architectures to further improve classification accuracy and generalizability, while addressing the remaining challenges in Persian NLP. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest متون نوشتاری دربردارنده اطلاعات زبانی ارزشمندی هستند که می‌توان از آن‌ها برای تعیین جنسیت نویسنده بهره برد. دراین‌بین، استفاده از الگوریتم‌های یادگیری عمیق در پردازش متون زبان طبیعی، شناسایی الگوهای پنهان در داده‌ها را آسان کرده است. در این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی جنسیت نویسنده در زبان فارسی با تنظیم دقیق پارامترهای مدل پارس‌برت، سامانه‌ای برای این زبان طراحی شد. به این منظور، باتکیه‌بر ویژگی‌های زبانی متمایزکننده جنسیتی، ابتدا پیکره‌ای شاملِ 5000 سندِ برچسب‌گذاری‌شده تهیه‌ شد. سپس سامانه‌ای مبتنی‌بر ویژگی‌های زبانی و تعبیه‌سازی برداری طراحی‌ شد. این سامانه با روش اعتبارسنجی متقابل 10-تایی ارزیابی شد. برپایة یافته‌ها، معیار-اف در سامانة طراحی‌شده، معادل 5/76 درصد تعیین شد. همچنین مشخص شد مدل پیشنهادی در مقایسه با دسته‌بندی‌های رایج یادگیری ماشین و در مقایسه با مدل حافظة طولانی کوتاه‌مدت، عملکرد مطلوب‌تری دارد. افزون‌براین، مقایسة عملکرد سامانه بر پیکرة تهیه‌شده در این پژوهش با پیکره‌های پیشین، بهبود عملکرد سامانه را نشان داد. بنابراین، بهره‌گیری از روش‌های نوین همچون مدل پارس‌برت و استفاده از دادگان مناسب، از دستاوردهای اصلی این پژوهش محسوب می‌شود.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3866_37bda5ad27fe2dfe2567eef288422c8b.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 The Interaction of Ideology and Language in Yārsān Texts: A Sociological Study of External Bodily Purity From Ritual Impurities تعامل ایدئولوژی و زبان در متون یارسان: مطالعه جامعه‌شناختی «پاکی ظاهری-جسمانی از نجاسات» 37 57 3800 10.22126/jlw.2025.12143.1833 FA مریم جعفری دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0000-9114-4787 محمدابراهیم مالمیر دانشیار، گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. 0000-0003-1453-9982 مجتبی بیگلری استادیار، گروه الهیات، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0002-4990-1099 Journal Article 2025 05 07 This study examines the role of the concept of "physical purity from impurities" in the religious texts of Yarsan (Ahl-e Haqq) and its reflection in the ideology, culture, and social structures of the Yarsan community from the perspective of the sociology of language. The primary objective is to analyze the dynamic interaction between language and society in shaping religious ideology, ethnic identity, religious power hierarchies, and social norms. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research draws on library-based data (Yarsan’s secret texts) and sociological content analysis. Findings indicate that "purity" is constructed as a multidimensional concept (physical, spiritual, moral, and doctrinal) within Yarsan texts, mediated through linguistic mechanisms such as lexical taboos, ritual speech acts, and teological portic narratives. These mechanisms regulate socio-religious legitimacy and collective norms. By standardizing sacred ideological language and marginalizing non-formal dialects, the texts reinforce in-group cohesion, solidify religious ideology, and legitimize the authority of religious leaders. The study concludes that language in Yarsan functions as an active tool for reproducing hegemony, enforcing social control, and binding ideology to cultural and social order. The discourse of "purity," through sanctified ling uistic codes, institutionalizes language as a means of legitimizing religious power, regulating hierarchical relations, and reflecting ritual beliefs. This research illuminates the intricate interplay of language, ideology, and power in closed religious' communities, demonstrating how sacred discourse perpetuates institutionalized authority and cultural identity. Introduction Sociolinguistic research has conclusively established the bidirectional interaction between language and society. Language primarily manifests its function within the social dimension: it simultaneously generates social groups and bonds while establishing behavioral patterns and social positions. All social phenomena and structures are inherently reflected in language (Landmann, 1969). Members of a speech community engage in continuous interaction through shared linguistic practices and behavioral norms. The sociology of language examines the reciprocal influences between language use and the social organization of behavior. Descriptive sociolinguistics specifically aims to characterize the socially accepted organization of language use within a speech community (Fishman, 1974). Religious and ritual texts constitute powerful conduits for this interaction. Through written form, language reinforces vertical communication and intergenerational unity, enabling sacred texts to preserve their influence across centuries (Landmann, 1969). This characteristic is particularly pronounced in esoteric texts like those of the Yarsan (Ahl-e Haqq) tradition. To maintain ritual secrecy, these texts extensively employ symbolic devices and conceptual signs. Although the language of Yarsan folklore texts might be classified as a substratum, colloquial, or dialectal form (Bloomfield, 1933; Ferguson, 1959), its profoundly esoteric nature renders it fundamentally symbolic. These texts are saturated with ritual ciphers, sacred symbols, and exclusive metaphorical, metonymic, allegorical, and figurative terminology. Superficially simple expressions carry multilayered and complex semantic loads. Methodology This study employs a sociolinguistic framework to analyze the pivotal role of corporeal purity in Yarsan ritual texts and its reflection in the community’s ideology, cultural practices, and social structures. The central research problem investigates the dynamic interaction between language and society in shaping religious ideology, ethnic identity, religious power hierarchies, and social norms. A descriptive-analytical methodology was implemented using primary data from archival analysis of secretive ritual texts and secondary data from ethnographic records and liturgical commentaries. The analytical framework integrates sociolinguistic content analysis with the study of language ideology and ideological language. The textual corpus consists of core Kalam texts documenting purity rituals, which were linguistically annotated. Contextual analysis was conducted through observations of ritual performances across Yarsan communities, accompanied by ethnographic notes. The analysis also focused on discourse markers, including lexical taboos, ritual speech acts, poetic-narrative devices, and honorific systems. Results and Discussion Purityin Yarsan textsemerges as a multidimensional construct encompassing physical, esoteric, ethical, and doctrinal dimensions, and it is operationalized through sophisticated linguistic mechanisms. Ritual and linguistic practices play a central role in expressing and regulating concepts of purity. Lexical taboos prohibit or replace terms associated with impurity, as illustrated by the use of nā-pākī, meaning non-purity, in relation to najāsat, meaning impurity. Ritual speech acts function as performative expressions of purification, including zikr-e pākī, or invocations for purity. Poetic and narrative discourse also contributes to the symbolic representation of purity, as seen in Dāstān-e Sultān Sahāk, where purity metaphors are embedded within the narrative. The codification of a ritual register, referred to as Zabān-e Āyīnī, contributes to linguistic standardization and ideological control. It strengthens in-group solidarity by establishing linguistic boundaries that distinguish initiates from non-initiates through restrictions on sacred vocabulary and the use of ritual language, including zabān-e rāz. Linguistic practices also reinforce hierarchical relationships within the religious community through sanctified honorifics and prescriptive forms of expression associated with religious authorities, ritual leaders, and followers. The concept of corporeal or physical purity demonstrates a semiotic duality between differentiation and conformity. From a mystical perspective, physical purity embodies the zāher and bāten paradigm, in which outward or physical purity signifies inward or spiritual purity. At the same time, the alignment of purity terminology with Shi'a jurisprudence functions as a linguistic strategy for establishing religious legitimacy within the broader Iranian context. Discursive power structures are also evident in the prescriptive and admonitory style of Yarsan ritual language. Imperative syntactic structures, ritualized repetition known as takrār, and sacred paralanguage expressed through intonation patterns in recitation contribute to the reinforcement of spiritual authority while regulating bodily practices. The linguistic construction of purity therefore operates as a socioreligious technology that mediates between Kurdish ethnic identity and Shi'a Islamic frameworks, transforms abstract religious doctrines into enforceable daily practices, and materializes power through controlled semiotic resources. The poetic form of the Kalam facilitates the internalization of religious doctrines and transforms ritual language into a form of symbolic capital. Conclusion This study demonstrates that language in Yarsanism transcends its communicative functions and operates as an agentive social technology. Ritual lexicon contributes to ideological reproduction by transforming the multidimensional concept of purity into behavioral mandates. Sanctified linguistic codes strengthen social cohesion by creating epistemic boundaries that distinguish khāndān, or initiates, from outsiders. Lexical conformity with Shi'a terminology also contributes to identity negotiation by representing a strategic positioning within Iran's broader religious landscape. The discourse of purity institutionalizes language as a means of legitimizing religious authority, regulating social hierarchies, and preserving esoteric knowledge. Furthermore, the enforcement of taboos and the use of ritual speech acts generate restricted linguistic codes that reinforce group identity and maintain the boundaries of the Yarsan religious community. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل نقش مفهوم «پاکی ظاهری جسمانی از نجاسات» در متون آیینی یارسان (اهل حق) و بازتاب آن در ایدئولوژی، فرهنگ و ساختارهای اجتماعی مردم یارسان، ازمنظر جامعه‌شناسی زبان صورت گرفته است. مسئلة اصلی پژوهش، بررسی تعامل پویای زبان و جامعه در شکل‌دهی به ایدئولوژی دینی، هویت قومی، سلسله‌مراتب قدرت مذهبی و هنجارهای اجتماعی است. روش پژوهش به‌صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای (متون سرّی یارسان) و تحلیل محتوای جامعه‌شناختی انجام شده است. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، «پاکی» به‌مثابة سازه‌ای چندبُعدی (ظاهری، باطنی، اخلاقی و اعتقادی) با سازوکارهای زبانی مانند دشواژه‌ها، کنش‌های گفتاری آیینی و روایت‌های منظوم کلامی، مشروعیت دینی-اجتماعی را تعیین و هنجارهای جمعی را تنظیم می‌کند. این متون با استانداردسازی زبان ایدئولوژیک آیینی و حذف گویش‌های غیررسمی، هم‌بستگی درون‌گروهی را تقویت و ایدئولوژی آیینی و اقتدار رهبران دینی را تثبیت می‌کنند. به‌این‌ترتیب، این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که زبان در آیین یارسان، ابزاری کنشگر برای بازتولید هژمونی، نظارت اجتماعی و پیوند ایدئولوژی با فرهنگ و نظم اجتماعی است. در این چارچوب، گفتمان «پاکی» با بهره‌گیری از رمزگان‌های تقدیس‌یافته، زبان را به نهادی برای مشروعیت‌بخشی به قدرت مذهبی، تنظیم روابط سلسله‌مراتبی و بازتاب باورهای آیینی بدل ساخته است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر، پیچیدگی تعامل میان زبان، ایدئولوژی و قدرت را در جوامع دینیِ بسته آشکار می‌کند.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3800_c1b49bfe96b5fb85c8a45891006971b6.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 A Descriptive Study of Conceptual Structures and Image Schemas Corresponding to Algebra Based on Cognitive Semantics بررسی توصیفی ساخت‌های مفهومی و طرح‌واره‌های تصویری متناظر با علم جبر برپایۀ معنا‌شناسی شناختی 59 79 3864 10.22126/jlw.2025.11917.1824 FA ناصر حافظی مطلق دانشجوی دکتری علوم شناختی، گرایش زبان‌شناسی، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. محمدرضا پهلوان‌نژاد استاد، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. 0000-0001-9808-1352 محسن کاهانی استاد، گروه مهندسی کامپیوتر، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0000-0002-2603-6066 Journal Article 2025 03 12 According to the hypothesis of embodied mathematics, the basis and origin of mathematics is the human-being embodiment, and therefore mathematical Platonism and similar hypotheses, which assume the existence of mathematics independent of man, can only have a place of faith and not science. Based on this hypothesis, and since mathematics and its branches such as algebra are also the output of the system of thought and human cognition, they must be describable on the basis of basic conceptual structures such as the image schemas, the conceptual metaphors, the conceptual metonymy, and the conceptual blending. therefore, in this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method and the hypothesis of embodied mathematics, the fundamental metonymy of algebra and its role in the formation of mathematical concepts are discussed, and the cognitive origin of various branches of algebra such as identities, algebraic equations and inequalities, locus, the idea of analytic geometry, vector algebra and algebra of sets are analyzed based on a cognitive perspective. The mathematical generalization of the conceptual structures based on the algebraic foundation is the generator of effective branches in other experimental and analytical sciences. Since, according to the embodied mathematics hypothesis, mathematics, like language, is derived from the human thought system and cognitive faculties, it is possible to describe basic algebraic concepts based on conceptual structures such as metonymy, metaphor and conceptual blending, and this result can be used to optimize mathematics education. Introduction The word algebra in Arabic means unification and linking of broken parts, and is also used in the sense of necessity and as the opposite of option (Dehkhoda Dictionary). Similarly, the word jabbar means both bone-setter and tyrant. This word, following the great work of Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in the third century AH called Jabr va Moghabeleh (full name: Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Ḥisab al-jabr wa al-mughabaleh), caused a branch of mathematics in Europe to later be called Algebra, and the name of al-Khwarizmi himself remaind in the mathematics in the form of the word algorithm. Al-Khwarizmi used the words Jabr and Moghabeleh to describe the transposition of positive and negative terms on both sides of an equation and the elimination of equations from both sides. In simpler terms, algebra means transferring a negative expression from one side of an equation to the other and transforming it into a positive expression (algebra), and Moghabeleh means eliminating similar expressions from both sides of the equation. Al-Khwarizmi used linguistic descriptions instead of symbols to describe algebraic expressions. Today's mathematical symbols and notation have been formed through a long and evolutionary process. Today, algebra encompasses a much larger scope of mathematical knowledge and has numerous branches. The hypothesis of embodied mathematics, presented by Lakoff and Núñez, attempts to identify the origin of mathematics and its place in human cognitive faculties. Since, according to this hypothesis, mathematics as we know it is not a transcendent and external thing, but an embodied thing, traces of conceptual structures as discussed in cognitive sciences and cognitive linguistics can be observed in it. Therefore, the role of structures that affect the conceptualization system, including image schemas, metonymy, metaphors, and conceptual blending, is also prominent in embodied mathematics. This research describes some of the basic concepts of algebra as a branch of mathematics from the perspective of cognitive semantics and the hypothesis of embodied mathematics. From the perspective of Lakoff and Núñez, algebra has a kind of metonymy (whole for part), which they called the fundamental metonymy of algebra. This research describes algebraic concepts based on the fundamental metonymy of algebra and conceptual structures derived from human cognitive faculties, based on the perspective of embodied mathematics, which itself stems from the second generation of cognitive sciences and within the framework of cognitive semantics. Method The method of this researched is descriptive-analytical method based on language intuition and introspection-based viewpoint. The Algebraic concepts are used as research data. Results Algebra as a whole is a whole for part metonymy for other branches of mathematics like arithmetic and geometry. This metonymy is called fundamental metonymy of algebra. Based on this metonymy, basic algebraic concepts can described and analyzed in the cognitive semantics framework. In this viewpoint, analytical geometry in a product of the metonymy generalization which extends the algebra from arithmetic as source domain of a metaphor toward the geometry as target domain of the same metaphor. The concept of locus is a metaphoric blend which integrates arithmetic and geometry in a two-conditional statement and algebra plays the role of a whole for part metonymy in this integration. Identities, Equations and inequalities can be described based on the container image schema and the relation between part and whole in the metonymy. Mathematical relations are kind of blending that integrates two or more sets and mathematical functions are conceptual metaphors which project a domain on a target. Vectors are product of motion perception based on the source-path-goal image schema, and sets, also the sets algebraic operations, are mathematical embodiment of container image schema and its different aspects. Conclusion The description of Algebra in the cognitive semantics framework and based on embodied mathematics hypothesis leads us to conclude some generalizations which extends algebra and algebraic concepts to other branches of science and these generalizations are foundations of new concepts and fields as mechanics, trigonometry, topology, vector space and etc. This viewpoint can be used in the mathematical educations and the increasing effect and efficiency of using cognitive semantics in the educational methods of algebra-learning can be tested. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest براساس فرضیۀ ریاضیات بدنمند، مبنا و خاستگاه ریاضیات، بدنمندی انسان است. ازاین‌رو، رویکردهای افلاطونی و فرض‌های مشابه که هستی ریاضیات را مستقل از انسان می‌انگارند، پایه علمی ندارند و تنها می‌توانند جایگاه ایمانی داشته باشند. با پذیرش این فرض که ریاضیات و شاخه‌های آن همچون جبر محصول نظام اندیشه و قوای شناختی انسان هستند، باید بتوان آن‌ها را برمبنای ساخت‌های مفهومی بنیادین مانند طرح‌وارۀ تصویری، مجاز مفهومی، استعارۀ مفهومی و آمیزۀ مفهومی تبیین کرد. به‌این‌ترتیب، در پژوهش حاضر برمبنای روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و برپایۀ فرضیۀ ریاضیات بدنمند، مجاز بنیادین جبر و نقش آن در شکل‌دهی مفاهیم ریاضی بررسی شدند. دراین‌زمینه، خاستگاه شناختی شاخه‌های گوناگون جبر مانند اتحادها، معادلات و نامعادلات جبری، مکان هندسی، ایدۀ هندسۀ تحلیلی، جبر بردارها و جبر مجموعه‌ها تحلیل شدند و تعمیم طرح‌واره‌ای این مفاهیم در دیگر علوم و نمونه‌های زبانی متناظر ارائه ‌شدند. ازآنجاکه براساس فرضیۀ ریاضیات بدنمند، ریاضیات نیز مانند زبان بر نظام اندیشه و قوای شناختی انسان مبتنی است، تبیین مفاهیم پایۀ علم جبر برمبنای ساخت‌های مفهومی مانند مجاز، استعاره و آمیزۀ مفهومی امکان‌پذیر است؛ بنابراین، چنین رویکردی می‌تواند در بهینه‌سازی آموزش ریاضیات به کار گرفته شود.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3864_864db45630455213657662f910c03eb3.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 Conceptualizations of the Verb "to Fall" in Persian: A Cognitive Approach مفهوم‌سازی‌های فعل «افتادن» در زبان فارسی: رویکردی شناختی 81 101 3885 10.22126/jlw.2025.12229.1837 FA زهرا حسن‌پوران دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران شهلا شریفی دانشیار، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. 0000-0001-8662-6335 Journal Article 2025 05 23 Cognitive linguistics investigates meaning in linguistic context, with particular attention to the role of human experience in its formation, and examines linguistic concepts in relation to the cognitive capacities of the human mind. In this type of research, the meanings that speakers of a particular language assign to concepts such as motor actions can reveal aspects of their conceptualization, attitudes toward those concepts, and knowledge acquired through experience. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to examine the polysemy of the verb “to fall” in Persian within the framework of cognitive semantics, with the aim of identifying its different meanings and constructing its semantic network. The research data were obtained from the Hamshahri corpus and analyzed on the basis of three theoretical approaches: Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), the theory of Conceptual Schemas (Johnson, 1987), and the Principled Polysemy approach (Tyler and Evans, 2001, 2003). The results of the analysis and semantic-network mapping of the verb “to fall” show that, in addition to its prototypical meaning, the verb has 15 marginal meanings, each of which results from the highlighting of particular components of the conceptual schema associated with the verb “to fall.” These findings demonstrate the extensive conceptual range of the verb and provide evidence of the richness of its semantic representation in the conceptual system of Persian speakers. Introduction Cognitive linguistics places meaning, particularly encyclopedic meaning, at the center of linguistic analysis. Encyclopedic meaning refers to meaning that is embedded in a conceptual system and arises from humans’ social and physical experiences. Drawing on frameworks and concepts such as radial categories, prototype meaning, metaphor, metonymy, and image schemas, cognitive linguistics analyzes and examines the meanings of linguistic concepts (Rasekh-Mahand, 2011). The meanings that speakers of a particular language attribute to specific linguistic categories, such as verbs or prepositions, are shaped by their lived experiences and, consequently, by the semantic components that are most salient to them. For example, the extent to which particular semantic components of a verb are salient to speakers of the same language may contribute to the semantic extension of that verb and to an increase in its frequency of use. Examining such patterns is important because they can provide insight into how speakers conceptualize and interpret the concepts they encounter through experience, as well as how they perceive and understand those concepts. Therefore, examining the different meanings that speakers of a particular language assign to an action, as well as the metaphorical extensions associated with that action, can provide insight into how speakers conceptualize the action and help determine the range of meanings established within the linguistic community. In other words, this range constitutes the conceptual space associated with the concept. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to examine the polysemy of the verb “to fall” in Persian within the framework of cognitive semantics, with the aim of identifying its different meanings and constructing its semantic network. Thus, the present study seeks to answer the following research question: How can the semantic network of the verb “to fall” in Persian be constructed? Method The data for the present study was randomly extracted from all twenty volumes of the second edition of the Hamshahri Corpus. Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is conducted within the framework of cognitive semantics, drawing on the theories of Principled Polysemy (Tyler and Evans, 2001, 2003), Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), and Conceptual Schemas (Johnson, 1987). To collect the data, various morphological forms of the verb “to fall” were searched for in the corpus. The retrieved instances were then analyzed according to the aforementioned theoretical frameworks to identify the different meanings of the verb, including its central (prototypical) meaning and its marginal meanings. Results The relationships among the different meanings of the verb “to fall” can be described as follows. The meaning “to be in a place” is directly derived from the prototypical meaning of “to fall,” whereas the meanings “to be in time” and “to be in a state or condition” result from metaphorical extensions of this meaning. The meaning “to flash” is also metaphorically related to “to be in a place” through the conceptual metaphor “THE MIND/THOUGHT IS A CONTAINER” and, therefore, should be regarded as semantically connected to this meaning. The meanings “to be possessed” and “to be transformed” are likewise closely related to “to be in a place”, as they express forms of concrete or abstract transfer. Therefore, all of these meanings can be grouped into a single semantic cluster. In addition to these meanings, the meaning “to shine” can also be included in the same semantic cluster, because shining involves the transfer of light from its source to a particular location and is, in this respect, closely related to the meaning “to be in a place.” The meaning “to meet” can also denote the simultaneous occurrence of two or more phenomena or events at the same place or time and is, therefore, closely related to the semantic cluster under consideration. Finally, it is necessary to consider the meaning “to be understood,” which can be interpreted as a form of abstract transfer, that is, the transfer of a subject, meaning, or other conceptual content into the addressee’s sphere of perception. In other words, when the addressee understands the speaker’s subject or intended meaning, it can be conceptualized as though that subject or meaning “has fallen” (i.e., has been transferred) into the addressee’s mind or sphere of perception. Therefore, the meaning “to be understood” can also be included in this semantic cluster, which we label “objective or abstract meeting.” The meanings “to appear,” “to become common/popular,” and “to become visible” are closely related because they all involve the concept of emergence and can therefore be grouped into a single semantic cluster, which we label “emergence.” The three meanings “to lose,” “to miscarry,” and “to reject” indicate a form of failure or movement in a negative or undesirable direction and can therefore be grouped into a single semantic cluster. All three meanings involve the conceptual notion of loss. We refer to this cluster as “lack.” Based on the explanations provided above, the semantic network of the verb “to fall” comprises one prototypical meaning and three semantic clusters, encompassing a total of 16 distinct yet semantically related meanings. Conclusion The results of the study show that the verb “to fall,” in addition to its prototypical meaning of “to drop,” also has 15 marginal meanings, each of which has specific uses in different contexts. In other words, the verb “to fall” has a total of 16 meanings, with the marginal meanings developing from the prototypical meaning through the highlighting of one or more semantic components and, in some cases, through metaphorical extension. To better understand the process through which the marginal meanings develop from the prototypical meaning, a conceptual schema of the verb “to fall” was constructed. Thus, the semantic network of the verb “to fall” consists of a central prototypical meaning surrounded by 15 marginal meanings, which are organized into three distinct semantic clusters: “absence,” “occurrence,” and “concrete/abstract intersection.” The meanings that speakers of a particular language attribute to an action, as well as the semantic components of that action that they consider salient, can provide insight into how those speakers conceptualize the action and which elements they prioritize within its conceptual space. For this reason, studying actions across languages and comparing their semantic structures, particularly across languages belonging to different linguistic families or typological categories, can contribute to a better understanding of cross-linguistic differences in the conceptualization of seemingly similar concepts. Therefore, further research on the cognitive-semantic classification and taxonomy of verbs is recommended. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest در زبان‌شناسی شناختی، مفاهیم زبانی باتکیه‌بر توانایی‌های شناختی ذهن و با مطالعة معنا در بافت زبانی و نقش تجربه در شکل‌گیری آن بررسی می‌شوند. در این رویکرد، گویشورانِ یک زبان به مفاهیمی همچون کنش‌های حرکتی، معانی خاصی نسبت می‌دهند؛ این معانی بازتاب‌دهندة نحوه تفکر و نگرش آن‌ها به آن مفهوم و شناختی است که از مسیر تجربه به دست آورده‌اند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی چندمعنایی فعل «افتادن» در زبان فارسی در چارچوب معناشناسی شناختی انجام شد تا معانی گوناگون این فعل مشخص و شبکۀ معنایی آن ترسیم شود. داده‌های پژوهش نیز با استفاده از پیکره همشهری گردآوری شدند؛ سپس براساس سه نظریه استعاره مفهومی (لیکاف و جانسون، 1980)، طرح‌واره‌های تصوری (جانسون، 1987) و چندمعنایی اصولی (تایلر و ایوانز، 2001، 2003) تحلیل ‌شدند. نتایج پژوهش و ترسیم شبکه معنایی فعل «افتادن» نشان می‌دهد که این فعل، افزون‌‌بر معنای سرنمونی خود، دارای 15 معنای حاشیه‌ای است که هریک حاصل برجسته‌سازی بخشی از مؤلفه‌های معنایی طرح‌وارة تصوری این فعل هستند؛ پدیده‌ای که بیانگر گسترة‌ فضای مفهومی فعل «افتادن» در ذهن گویشوران زبان فارسی است.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3885_c7608b99df1ecda2c479f425f5f227e2.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 The Origin of the Voiced Labial-Palatal Glide Consonant [ɥ] in Southern Kurdish خاستگاه همخوان غلت لبی-کامیِ واک‌دارِ [ɥ] در کردی جنوبی 103 123 3732 10.22126/jlw.2025.11921.1823 FA سلمان خنجری دکتری فرهنگ و زبان‌های باستانی، پژوهشگاه علوم‌انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران. 0009-0005-1051-8115 Journal Article 2025 03 12 This paper aims to determine the origin of the glide consonant [ɥ] in Southern Kurdish (the Sonqor-u-Koljɑee dialect). For this purpose, 63 selected sample words common to the Sonqor-u-Koljɑee Kurdish dialect, which contain the glide /ɥ/, were investigated from their Middle Western Iranian forms to the modern era. The data were collected using two methods: written sources and interviews with 20 literate and illiterate native informants, both male and female, ranging in age from 30 to 70 years. The author is also a native speaker of this Kurdish dialect. According to this research, the origin of the glide [ɥ] can be attributed to high-vowel glide formation and to changes in sequences consisting of glides followed by high vowels, resulting in the formation of the glide [ɥ]. The results show that the origin of the glide [ɥ] in the phonological system of this Kurdish dialect is related to glide formation as a strategy for resolving vowel hiatus, as well as to changes in sequences of glide consonants followed by high vowels. More specifically, the high front rounded vowel /y/ changes into the glide [ɥ] in the syllabic structure CV₁ [+high]V₂ … in the selected sample words. In addition, sequences involving the glides /w/ and /j/ followed by high vowels, namely /ju/, /wy/, and /wi/ after a vowel, undergo changes that result in the formation of the glide [ɥ]. Introduction The glides /w/ and /j/ have been recognized as independent phonemes in the reconstructed phonological system of Proto-Indo-European (Bomhard, 2018: 93). According to Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996: 322), approximately 85 percent of the world’s languages have the approximant /j/, while 76 percent have /w/. In contrast, other approximants, including the labial-palatal /ɥ/ and the soft-palatal /ɰ/, occur in less than 2 percent of the world’s languages. The production of glides involves a rapid movement from a high-vowel position toward a lower vowel, creating a transitional sound between adjacent vowels (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996: 322). The production of these sounds is accompanied by the raising of the body and back of the tongue to create a constriction for the articulation of the palatal /j/, labial-velar /w/, and labial-palatal /ɥ/ (Hon Hunt, 2009: 13). The voiced labial-palatal glide [ɥ] is one of the phonological features found in Southern Kurdish. McCarus (2009: 597) has mentioned the existence of this consonant in Kurdish. Fattahi (2011), Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya, Sobati and Aghagolzade (2015), Fattahi, Anonby and Gheitasi (2016), and Pallizban (2020) have also reported its occurrence in Kalhori and Ilam Kurdish. A well-known example of the labial-palatal glide /ɥ/ can be found in French words such as /mɥɛt/ ‘mute’, /lɥi/ ‘him’, and /ɥit/ ‘eight’ (Ladefoged & Johnson, 2015: 243–244). The occurrence of this relatively uncommon glide in Kurdish dialects raises important questions concerning its historical origin and the phonological processes responsible for its development. Several previous studies have examined glide formation and vowel hiatus resolution in Kurdish dialects. Fattahi (2014) investigated glide formation in Kalhori Kurdish as a strategy for resolving vowel hiatus within Harmonic Serialism in Optimality Theory. The study proposed the constraint ranking *VV, MAX LEX, DEP >> MAX [+low] >> AGREE (GLIDE) >> IDENT. Badakhshan and Zamani (2015) also examined glide formation in Kalhori Kurdish within Optimality Theory. Their findings showed that glide formation can apply not only to high vowels but also to non-high vowels such as /e/. Therefore, vowel raising is not necessarily a fundamental condition for glide formation in Kalhori. Sadeghi and Sadeghi (2017) investigated vowel hiatus correction in Surani Kurdish within Optimality Theory. Their results indicate that Surani Kurdish employs three strategies for resolving vowel hiatus: epenthesis, deletion, and glide formation. Among these, the insertion of the glides /j/ and /w/ is the most common strategy. Similarly, Ahmadi, Zahedi, and Gholami (2019) examined vowel hiatus and its resolution in Central Kurdish through a descriptive-analytical approach within Optimality Theory. Their findings showed that Central Kurdish speakers generally prefer glide formation to vowel deletion as a strategy for resolving hiatus. Previous studies have also addressed the formation and phonemic status of [ɥ] in Kurdish. MacKenzie (1961a) referred to the formation of [ɥ] in sequences involving /w/ followed by a front vowel in Kurdish. Kamandâr Fattah (2000: 110) noted that this consonant occurs only in dialects that possess the front rounded vowel /y/ and does not occur word-initially. Fattahi, Anonby, and Gheitasi (2016), examining the phonemic characteristics of [ɥ] in Southern Kurdish, rejected the analysis of [ɥ] as an allophone of /y/ or another phoneme. Focusing on Kalhori varieties spoken in northern Ilam, southern Kermanshah, and areas extending toward Khanaqin in Iraq, they argued that the labial-palatal approximant [ɥ] should be considered an independent phoneme. Despite these studies, the historical origin of [ɥ] in the Sonqor-u-Koljɑee dialect has not been sufficiently investigated. The present study therefore asks: Based on historical linguistics and documented diachronic changes, what is the origin of the glide consonant /ɥ/ in the phonological system of Sonqor-u-Koljɑee Kurdish, and what processes have contributed to its formation? To answer this question, the study examines selected words from the dialect by tracing their development from Middle Western Iranian forms to their modern forms. Methods In this research, 63 words containing the glide /ɥ/ and occurring in the Sonqor-u-Koljɑee Kurdish dialect were selected for analysis. The sample includes nouns, adjectives, verbs and verb stems, infinitives, and adverbs. The origin and development of [ɥ] were investigated through diachronic analysis extending from Middle Western Iranian forms to the Modern period. Historical data were collected from written sources, while dialectal data were obtained from written documents and interviews with native speakers. The author is also a native speaker of the dialect. The sample words were selected primarily from Mardukh Ruhani (2015) and Khanjari (2018). Results The results indicate that the glide [ɥ] in the phonological system of Sonqor-u-Koljɑee Kurdish has developed through two principal processes. First, [ɥ] results from glide formation as a strategy for resolving vowel hiatus, particularly when the high front rounded vowel /y/ occurs as the first vowel of a vowel sequence. Second, [ɥ] develops through historical changes in sequences containing a glide consonant followed by a high vowel. In particular, sequences involving /w/ and /j/, such as /ju/, /wy/, and /wi/ in post-vocalic contexts, undergo changes resulting in the emergence of [ɥ]. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that, unlike /j/ and /w/, the glide /ɥ/ does not occur word-initially in the Sonqor-u-Koljɑee dialect. Based on the data analyzed, the historical development of [ɥ] can be attributed primarily to two processes. First, it results from glide formation for resolving vowel hiatus in the sequence C + V₁[+high] + V₂, particularly when V₁ is the high front rounded vowel /y/. Second, it develops through changes affecting the sequence V₁CV₂, where V₁ is a low vowel, C is one of the glide consonants /j/ or /w/, and V₂ is a high vowel: V₁ [+low] + C [glide: j/w] + V₂ [+high] → [ɥ] These findings suggest that the labial-palatal glide [ɥ] in Sonqor-u-Koljɑee Kurdish is the result of both historical sound change and phonological adaptation, reflecting the interaction between the historical evolution of lexical forms and the tendency to avoid vowel hiatus and facilitate transitions between adjacent vowels and glides. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest Acknowledgements I express my sincere gratitude to the native speakers who generously dedicated their valuable time to the author in answering questions and their linguistic data have been used in this article. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین خاستگاه همخوان غلت [ɥ] در زبان کردی شاخة جنوبی، به‌ویژه گویش رایج در شهرستان سنقروکلیایی، انجام شده ‌است. در این پژوهش، 63 واژة نمونة دارای همخوان غلت [ɥ]، در سیر تحول از ایرانی میانة غربی به دورة نو در گویش یادشده، بررسی شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از دو روش اسنادی و مصاحبة میدانی با 20 گویشور بومی (شامل زنان و مردانِ 30 تا 70 ساله، اعم از بی‌سواد و باسواد) صورت گرفته است؛ ضمن آنکه بومی‌بودنِ نگارنده، به دقتِ تحلیل‌ها و درکِ ظرایفِ آوایی کمک کرده است. برپایة یافته‌های این پژوهش، خاستگاه همخوان غلت [ɥ]، پیامدِ دو فرایند غلت‌سازیِ واکه‌های افراشته و تبدیل توالی همخوان غلت با واکة افراشته به غلت [ɥ] است. به‌بیان دیگر، همخوان غلت [ɥ] در گویش موردنظر براثر دو دگرگونی‌ِ تاریخی در سیر تحول از ایرانی میانة غربی به دورة نو پدید آمده است: نخست واکة افراشتة پیشین گرد /y/ در ساختِ هجاییِCV1 [+ high]] [V2 …، برای رفع التقای واکه‌ها، به همخوان غلت [ɥ] تبدیل می‌شود؛ دوم توالی غلت‌هایِ /w/ و /j/ با واکه‌های افراشته مانند /ju/، /wy/ و /wi/، در بافت پس از واکه به غلت [ɥ] بدل می‌شود.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3732_7f9e17857af0ef74073175411dbe35ce.pdf

دانشگاه رازی مطالعات زبان‌ها و گویش‌های غرب ایران 2345-2579 14 3 2026 09 23 Environment, Language and Mindset: The Cognitive Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Ethical Domains of “Honesty & Betrayal” in Farsi, English & French محیط، زبان و جهان‌بینی: تحلیل شناختی استعاره‌های کنایی حوزه‌های اخلاقی «صداقت و خیانت» در فارسی، انگلیسی و فرانسوی 125 147 3968 10.22126/jlw.2025.12177.1834 FA نرگس محمدی دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0009-0008-5272-2765 زهرا ابوالحسنی چیمه دانشیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-5834-8649 مهناز کربلایی صادق استادیار گروه زبان‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-6044-1797 Journal Article 2025 05 13 ‎‏The main aim of the present paper is a comparative analysis of idiomatic expressions in the domains of “honesty” and “betrayal” through the extraction of their image schemas, as well as an investigation of the effect of “environment” on the “mindset” of speakers of Persian, English, and French, based on the cognitive approach of Johnson and Lakoff (1980). A total of 60 idioms from the two domains across the three languages were selected as data to examine the process of mapping and binding between source and target domains and to measure the degree of embodied metaphors. The results reveal that the container image schema is the dominant pattern employed by all three languages to conceptualize abstract ethical concepts. Moreover, the findings confirm the pervasive (100%) presence of embodiment across all identified schemas. Variations in cultural context and environment lead to variations in linguistic structures, which in turn give rise to different mental perceptions of the same concepts. The results highlight the role of the “environment” within the continuum of “environment–embodied language–mindset.” A high frequency of force and verticality image schemas in Persian, particularly in the domain of “betrayal,” reflects an intensified conceptualization of violence and hierarchical power relations, where betrayal is associated with dominance and honesty with weakness in certain social representations. In contrast, in the domain of “honesty,” Persian conceptualizations tend to associate honesty with “high” spatial positioning and betrayal with “low” positioning, which can be interpreted in light of the moral and religious values of the speech community. English, which exhibits a higher proportion of path and surface schemas, directs speakers toward a conceptualization that emphasizes directness in expressing truth. Finally, the relatively high frequency of force schemas in French in the domain of “honesty” underscores a cultural tendency toward the free expression of opinions and the bold disclosure of information as socially valued norms. Introduction Cognitive linguistics focuses on inevitable relationship between form and meaning, whether form is the determining factor in establishing a particular meaning and mindset or mindset is the main source of linguistic variation, has been the investigation of researches for many years. Johnson (2024) refers to a triadic approach of “mindset-body-environment” to account for the role of “environment” in this regard; however, there is a gap for researches focusing on this relationship. Lakoff and Johnson’s model (1980) has been considered the framework of many researchers in cognitive linguistics to merely identify the embodiment of utterances and to provide a description of different type schemas of force, containment, path and etc. Rare studies are conducted towards the investigation of “environment and its subcategory, culture” role on surface structure schemas on one hand, and the influence of various surface structures and embodied language on mindset of speakers on the other hand. “Environment” in linguistics is an umbrella term, referring to both physical surrounding and beliefs, traditions and cultural context, as well. Researches focusing on macrostructures of culture and mindset can develop the universal understanding of how same or various environments can establish similar or contradictory viewpoints and this way, many political, social and global misunderstandings and jurisdictions can be facilitated. Regarding the mentioned issues, following main questions are raised: 1. how much do the speakers of three languages of Farsi, English and French make use of “embodiment” to perceive and communicate the abstract concepts of “honesty and betrayal”? , and 2. What is the effect of “environment” distinction on three languages speakers “perception and viewpoint” in Lakoff and Johnson’s triadic approach of “mind-body-environment”? Methods The researcher first aims to prove the “embodiment” of language structures and in the second stage, to highlight the role of “cultural context and environment” on speakers’ viewpoints and mindset. Proving and determining the succession of the cognitive factors “mind-body-environment” is of the research objectives, as well. Thus, 60 idiomatic expressions in ethical domains of “honesty & betrayal” in three languages of Farsi, English and French are selected and their image schemas are extracted and analyzed and extended to macrostructures as perception and viewpoint. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical based on collecting information from three languages daily usage idioms. “Environment, encompassing the surrounding and cultural distinctions” is considered as variable to identify the effect of various cultural settings on formation of idiomatic expressions. The analysis of idiomatic expressions “honesty & betrayal” concepts in three languages is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s neural theory of thought (2012) and triadic approach of “mind-body-environment” to distinguish the components of each idiom, determine the cogs or image schemas and to identify the mapping process of source domain (idiomatic expressions surface structure) on target domain (conceptual content) and this approach helps fulfill the objectives of study. Lakoff refers to Neural Theory of Thought & Language (NTTL) in this regards and allocates the metaphoric thinking ability of mankind to “multi dimensional mirror neurons” of brain. According to him:”the so-called abstract concepts are embodied and are of two kinds: cognitive primitives “image schemas” and primary conceptual metaphors. These are universal cognitive structures, eitherthere are at birth or developed every day.” (2012). Discussion Cognitive analysis of idiomatic expression (conceptual metaphors) in three languages of English, Farsi and French based on Lakoff and Johnson’s approach of “mind-body-environment” is conducted in two separate tables for two concepts of “honesty” and “betrayal” and a total table is illustrated to clarify the final calculated percentage of embodied expressions and the type of image schemas employed for each concept in each language and generally: Table (1). The percentage of each image schema in two domains of “honesty & betrayal” & total Total French Farsi English Image Schema 41.80 47.50 37.21 41.03 Containment 35.25 37.50 39.53 28.21 Force 13.93 10 9.30 23.08 Path 4.92 2.50 9.30 2.56 Vertical Direction 4.10 2.50 4.65 5.13 Balance *Containment image schema is the most pattern imposed by environment and employed by speakers’ mind to perceive the abstract concept of “honesty and betrayal” generally. French language provides more linguistic facilities in this regard to conceptualize the intangible contents generally. Force image schema gets the second rank among all patterns to transfer and illustrate both concepts in three languages generally and Farsi’s rank to employ force schema for the concept of “betrayal” is higher among others. Making use of structures as سر کسی را زیر آب کردن، سرکسی کلاه گذاشتن ، به کسی خنجر زدن with literal meaning of “putting hat on somebody’s head, stabbing someone’s head under water, inserting a stab on someone’s body and similar words showing force”, is influenced by Persian setting and cultural beliefs and as well conceptualizes the “betrayal” equal to extreme “violence and crime” and importance of “being cautious in society” in mind of its speakers, is highlighted. *High percentages of force and vertical direction schema in Farsi for the concept of “betrayal” associates the idiomatic hierarchy of betrayal=violence=top and honesty=weakness=down in mind of its speakers in individual, social and political level; a mindset which is elicited through contextual environment, depicted in idioms surface layers and influences the viewpoints. On the other hand, the vertical direction image schema for “top” position of the concept “honesty” in Farsi, associates this trait as something which is almighty and regarded as a moral advantage, elicited by religious beliefs of Farsi speakers. *High percentage of force image schema to depict the abstract concept of “honesty” belongs to French language which guides its speakers through free expression of opinions and even revealing the hidden information as a positive and even an intelligent behaviour which can be traced back to French unique political and philosophical beliefs of Existanicialism: (expressions such as vider son sac: empty your bag, Ne pas avoir sa langue dans sa poche: don’t have your tongue in your pocket). *English language makes use of path (source-path-goal) image schema for both concepts about 50% and more than other languages to show the path of deviation from honesty to betrayal (the words in idioms such as “to come clean, sell someone down the river, and say truth to someone’s face, associate the created images to directness and non-deviated path of saying the truth. Surface image schemas is as well employed in English idioms much more than other two languages, all such images in surface layer of language guide the speakers to realize honesty in a direct, straightforward path, on surface, outer level of being which emphasizes the necessity of expressing the truth directly and candidly as a social norm. *Some idiomatic expressions with identical figurative meaning and exact or almost exact literal surface layer are identified which can be called cross-cultural or universal conceptual metaphors. According to Kovecses (2018), “universal metaphors are the conceptual metaphors that are used universally, near universally or potentially universally.” The present paper identified 6 universal idioms, an example is represented below: For the concept of Betrayal, all three languages use a similar surface structure referring to same abstract content: English: nurture a viper in one’s bosom/ French: un serpent dans le dos/Farsi: مار در آستین پروراندن (Containment and force image schemas are common image schemas or which conceptualize betrayal through violating the “body and privacy” of a partner who was once a friend, and force schema refers to act of “stinging and inserting force”; both primary metaphors shape the final metaphor and direct the mind of speakers towards the intense violence action of betrayal). However the French expression with literal portrayal of “a snake in the grass” involves containment, path and force schema, highlighting “violation of privacy, the direction of betrayal and unpleasant force of being betrayed”. Conclusion According to the above mentioned issues and results, the environment (sorrounding and cultural setting) plays an important role in illustration of specific images in surface level of conceptual metaphors which are analyzed by mind through breaking down into smaller primary metaphors and image schemas and directs the viewpoint and mindset of speakers towards certain perceptions. “Body” is employed as a medium in all idiomatic expressions directly or indirectly to assist the mind in conceptualization of abstract concepts within its borders. The succession of factors can be determined as “environment-embodied language- mindset” or as a cycle with each factor comes after the other, since the dialectical relationship of form and mindset cannot be ignored. The results of the present research conforms to viewpoints of Johnson’s eight e’s (2024) on “meaning and cognition” in mapping process of source domain (surface structure) to target domain (idiomatic meaning): meaning is embodied, it’s embedded in cultures, it’s enacted by speakers, it's extended, it's emotionery, executive, evolutionary and ecstatic. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل تطبیقی اصطلاحات کنایی در حوزه‌های «صداقت» و «خیانت» با استخراج طرح‌واره‌های تصویری و بررسی تأثیر «محیط» بر «ذهنیت» سخنوران در سه زبان فارسی، انگلیسی و فرانسوی انجام شده است. این مطالعه برپایة رویکرد شناختی جانسون و لیکاف (1980) استوار است. داده‌های پژوهش شاملِ اصطلاحاتِ کنایی در دو حوزۀ مذکور در سه زبان متفاوت است تا میزان بدنمندی استعاره‌های مفهومی اخلاقی و روند انگاشت و انطباق حوزۀ مبدأ (لایۀ تحت‌الفظی کلام) برحوزۀ مقصد (معنای کنایی) بررسی شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که «طرح‌وارۀ حجمی»، اصلی‌ترین الگو برای عینیت‌بخشی به مفاهیم در هر سه زبان است و نقش محوری «بدن» در همة طرح‌واره‌ها مشهود است. بااین‌حال، تفاوت‌های بافت فرهنگی و اقلیمی (محیط) به بروز تمایزات روساختی در زبان و تفاوت در برداشت‌های ذهنی از مفاهیم یکسان منجر شده است؛ امری که نقش عنصر «محیط» را در توالیِ سه‌گانۀ «محیط-زبانِ بدنمند-ذهن» برجسته می‌کند. در زبان فارسی، درصد بالای طرحواره‌های «قدرتی» و «جهتی عمودی» در حوزۀ خیانت، القاگر شدت خشونت و سلسله‌مراتبی‌انگاشتن قدرت و خیانت درمقابلِ ضعف و صداقت به‌لحاظ اجتماعی در ذهنیت سخنوران است. در زبان انگلیسی، غلبة طرح‌واره‌های «حرکتی» و «سطح»، سخنوران را به‌سوی بیان مستقیم و بدون حاشیۀ حقیقت، در مسیر خطی سوق می‌دهد؛ درحالی‌که در زبان فرانسوی، آمار بالای طرح‌وارۀ «قدرتی» در حوزۀ صداقت بر رویکردی مبتنی‌بر جسارت در فاش‌سازی و ابراز نظر آزادانه به‌منزلۀ وظیفه‌ای اجتماعی تأکید می‌ورزد.

https://jlw.razi.ac.ir/article_3968_bb7831088122efe80cdc9be2977c6c8a.pdf