Structural-Semantic Adaptation of Selected Persian Equivalents of the Third Academy Against English Terms: A Case Study of Suffixes

In this research, with the approach of construction-based in the framework of the theory of Construction Morphology, selected Persian equivalents of the third Academy have been investigated and compared to English terms. This research has explained the patterns of word formation based on structural-semantic schemas using a descriptive-analytical method. This paper aims to know the hidden and obvious angles of word formation in the word formation science language. The data were taken from the seventeen books of the third Academy and in a total population sampling method (51200 terms). According to the findings, among the 51,200 approved terms, about 8,995 terms were created with the suffix addition method. By adding 11 suffixes and 156 suffixes (nominal and verbal), the Third Academy has used 192 active and semi-active suffixes and sufixoid in the construction of terms approved by the Third Academy. Science has expanded some existing suffixes structurally and semantically. Despite the praiseworthy efforts of the Third Academy, it is possible to point out the existence of multiple suffix derivatives, the semantic-structural heterogeneity of some Persian suffixes compared to English suffixes, and the contradiction with some principles and rules of word selection.
Introduction
     Understanding a text can be evaluated at two levels: micro (word/phrase comprehension) and macro (overall meaning). A key factor influencing text difficulty is vocabulary complexity. When words are unfamiliar or specialized, understanding can be hindered, making it harder for readers to follow the text. This issue becomes more pronounced with technical or scientific terms. In scientific communication, the development of a field depends on having a well-defined set of terms to clearly and accurately express concepts.
     The influx of scientific terminology from European languages, particularly English into Persian, has created challenges in various sectors such as education, research, translation, and communication. Foreign terms often replace or overshadow native terms, complicating the linguistic landscape. In response to these challenges, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature plays a critical role in preserving and enriching Persian through language planning and terminology formation. Specifically, the Third Academy has been responsible for developing and standardizing Persian scientific terminology. Since its establishment, the Academy has approved and published terms in 17 volumes, totaling 51,200 terms by 1402.
     This study focuses on examining the Persian equivalents approved by the Third Academy, particularly in relation to English terms, with a focus on suffixes. The research is grounded in Construction Morphology, exploring both structural and semantic patterns in word formation. The goal is to investigate the potential and existing capabilities of Persian to adapt foreign terms and enrich its scientific lexicon. The study draws from principles set by the Third Academy, as well as international terminology guidelines from organizations like Infoterm.
Methodology
     This study applies a descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on the structural-semantic analysis of Persian scientific terms, specifically suffixes. Data were collected from the 17 volumes of approved terms published by the Third Academy, which includes 51,200 terms. The research applies a total population sampling method, ensuring that all terms are included in the analysis.
The framework of Construction Morphology, which analyzes both the form and meaning of words, is used to understand how Persian terms are formed and how these constructions compare to their English counterparts. Additionally, the theory of constructed word construction (Booij.G, 2010-2018) is employed to explore the word formation processes in Persian.
     The study also relies on terminology formation principles established by the Third Academy, which include transparency, coherence, appropriateness, derivability, brevity, linguistic correctness, and preference for native structures. The analysis specifically focuses on suffix usage and how these suffixes contribute to the construction of meaning. Eleven core suffixes and 156 suffixoids (nominal and verbal) were used in approximately 8,995 terms. This research aims to identify any gaps in Persian scientific terminology and whether more suffixes are needed to meet the linguistic needs of modern scientific discourse.
Results
     The study found that approximately 8,995 of the 51,200 approved terms were formed using suffixes. These terms were constructed through the addition of 11 core suffixes and 156 suffixoids, both nominal and verbal, contributing to the formation of scientific terms that reflect their English counterparts. Despite the use of 192 suffixes, the results indicate that the Persian lexicon is still insufficient to meet the growing demands of scientific discourse. The Third Academy has expanded existing suffixes, but there is a clear need for a more diverse and comprehensive set of suffixes to create an effective scientific lexicon.
     The study also reveals that the primary word formation method in the Third Academy is calque, which translates foreign terms directly into Persian using equivalent structures. While effective in some cases, this method alone is not enough to keep up with the increasing lexical needs of modern scientific fields. Additionally, the research found that some Persian suffixes do not semantically or structurally align with their English equivalents, leading to potential ambiguity or loss of meaning.
     Another issue identified is the inconsistent application of the Academy’s guidelines. While the Third Academy has established rules for terminology formation, there are discrepancies in how suffixes are used, leading to a lack of standardization and consistency in Persian scientific terminology.
Conclusion
     The findings highlight the ongoing challenges in the development of a robust scientific lexicon in Persian. While the Third Academy has made significant progress in expanding Persian's capacity for scientific discourse, particularly through the addition of new suffixes and the modification of existing ones, the current set of suffixes remains insufficient for the growing needs of the scientific community.
     The use of 192 active and semi-active suffixes is a step forward, but it does not fully address the demands of modern scientific terminology. Some of the current suffixes have structural and semantic limitations that need to be addressed to ensure that Persian can accurately represent the full range of scientific concepts. This is particularly important in a field where precision and clarity are paramount.
     The research emphasizes the importance of standardization in word formation. A more systematic approach to suffix selection and usage will help reduce ambiguity and ensure consistency across the Persian scientific lexicon. Standardization is essential for facilitating communication among scholars and professionals.
     One of the key recommendations is for the Third Academy to continue expanding its list of suffixes, incorporating both new and classical elements. Borrowing from classical languages such as Greek and Latin, as well as modern scientific languages, can further enrich Persian's scientific vocabulary. In conclusion, while the Third Academy's efforts have been commendable, continued work is needed to create a comprehensive, standardized, and effective scientific lexicon in Persian.
Ethical Considerations
Not applicable
Funding
Not applicable
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.