تحلیل صورت‌بندی گفتمان رمان بادها خبر از تغییر فصل می‌دهند نوشتۀ «جمال میرصادقی» با رویکرد نورمن فرکلاف

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that studies language as a social function in relation to such elements as power and ideology. Using Fairclough's (2000) approach, this paper attempts to investigate Jamal Mirsadeghi’s The winds announce the change of season. At the level of description, the author has selected words which make it possible to recognize repression, poverty of the masses, breakdown and collapse of public morals, class struggles, and strikes of teachers, marketers, and workers. At the level of interpretation, the situational context of the novel, the central signifier, and focalizing the context of the text—such as workers' protests and strikes, teachers' protests in 1960, the founding of the Mehrgan club, the removal of Mohammad Mossadegh, and Prime Minister Ali Amini—have intertextual connections. At the level of explanation, Mirsadeghi represents the political structure ruling Iran during the Pahlavi era as being in conflict with the public interests, with implications such as the poverty of people, violence and repression, the chaotic economic situation of the lower classes of the society, and the weakening of morals. The novel exhibits codes and ciphers that are related to the discourse of "return to national identity," "male authority-female subjugation," and "opposition of people-government.
Introduction
The interaction and connection of micro and macro factors create the context and necessity for the creation of literary texts within the societal context. Therefore, literature is a social institution that utilizes language to represent life (Valk & Warren, 2011, p. 101). Understanding the author’s inner world in a novel, influenced by social, ethical, cultural concerns, and in response to an internal need or external necessity, has led to the formation of various research methodologies. Among these approaches, discourse analysis holds a special position, as it simultaneously provides knowledge, insight, and a method for comprehending how a text is influenced by variables in its surrounding world. Fairclough’s (2000) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach is considered one of the most coherent and comprehensive frameworks in this field. Fairclough’s approach is a type of text-oriented discourse analysis that attempts to integrate three traditions: a) detailed and precise linguistic text analysis, b) macro-sociological analysis of social action, and c) interpretive and micro-sociological tradition. Fairclough’s (2000) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology generally consists of three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. Description is the stage where formal features of the text, such as vocabulary, grammar, and textual structures are addressed. At the interpretation leve, the analysis goes beyond the descriptive level and the examination limited to lexical and syntactic elements, and also includes situational factors. Finally, at the explanation level, discourse is described as a social action, and it is shown how social structures shape discourse, and how discourses have a re-producing effect on those structures.
The current study attempts to provide an analysis of the discourse structure in Mirsadeghi’s (1984) The winds announce the change of season, adopting Fairclough’s (2000) approach. In doing so, this research seeks to answers the following questions at the three levels of description, interpretation and explanation:

How does Mirsadeghi use language to represent the power relations?
What role does the political ideology dominant at the time of the novel’s writing play in the representation and re-reading of social anomalies?
How do the intertextual connections within the novel critique the dominant discourse?

Method
The present study analyzes the modes of representation and reconstruction of political-social and cultural themes and concepts in The winds announce the change of season through Fairclough's (2000) approach, on three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. In this study, the methodological approach is based on a detailed examination and re-reading of the novel alongside a range of relevant sources, including books, dissertations, journals, and scientific articles related to the theories of Critical Discourse Analysis, which constitute the theoretical foundation of the research. In the following stage, the mentioned novel is analyzed at both textual and metatextual levels, with Fairclough’s model adopted as the most efficient framework. Subsequently, the important political, social, religious, and cultural statements—those most associated with power relations and the author’s ideological and critical intentions—are identified. Based on the core principles of Fairclough's theory, these discourse-oriented statements are described and interpreted at three levels.
According to Fairclough’s (2000) model of discourse analysis, at the descriptive level, the analysis focuses on lexical choice, word co-occurrence, semantic inclusion, informal words, idioms, aspect, sentence aspect, pronouns, passivation, and binary oppositions within the text. At the interpretative level, attention is given to the situational and historical context of the novel, as well as to the central and focal signifiers within the text that demonstrate intertextual connection. Finally, at the explanatory level, the study examines significant codes, propositions, and the political, social, religious, and cultural movements reflected in the text—elements that convey the author's underlying ideological and critical intentions.
Results
The winds announce the change of season provides a representation of the events preceding the Islamic Revolution in Iran. A critical discourse analysis of this novel indicates that, at the descriptive level, the author selected words that allow for recognition of repression, the poverty of the masses, the breakdown and collapse of public morals, class struggles, and protests and strikes of teachers, marketers, and workers. Collocations, semantic hyponymy, informal words, taboo words, modality, pronouns, passivization, dual oppositions, among other linguistic features, were used to serve this purpose. At the interpretive level, intertextual connections emerge from the novel's situational and historical contexts, its central signifier, and the focalization of textual elements such as workers' protests and strikes, teachers' protests in 1960, the founding of the Mehrgan club by Mohammad Derakhsh, the removal of Mohammad Mossadegh, and Prime Minister Ali Amini. At the explanatory level, Mirsadeghi represents the political structure ruling Iran during the Pahlavi era as being in conflict with the public interests, with implications including the poverty of the people, violence and repression, the chaotic economic situation of the middle and lower classes of the society, unbridled high prices, and the weakening of morals. Therefore, the novel exhibits codes and ciphers related to the discourses of "return to national identity," "male authority-female subjugation," and "opposition of people versus government."
Mirsadeghi views the political structure governing Iran during the Pahlavi period as being in conflict with public interests. He highlights the poverty of the masses, violence and repression, the chaotic economic situation of the middle and lower classes, unbridled high prices, and the weakening of morals—all of which affected the lives of poor and marginalized groups. The ruling political system, while disregarding ordinary people, pursues goals necessary for its survival and continuity; consequently, it allocates a substantial portion of the society's resources to areas that serve its interests rather than those of the public. The Pahlavi government imprisons and tortures individuals and groups who protest the conditions. The overreach of agents and institutions, ideologically aligned with the government, places them beyond official and legal accountability. In this context, citizens's political and ideological affiliations, and their membership in dominant or subordinate classes, play a significant role—one that is articulated through the hegemony of the discourse. The turmoil within the the country directly fuels anti-government protests and the struggle for the realization of people's rights, posing a serious threat to political sovereignty.
Conclusion
The relationship between literature and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be understood through linguistics. CDA, as a theoretical framework, is highly effective in exploring various literary genres, stylistics, and literary criticism (Aghagolzadeh, 2016, p. 19). Furthermore, CDA serves as a theory that deepens the understanding of communication and power relations—collectively termed "discourse"—and as a method, it provides the procedures to achieve this.
The dominant discourse surrounding the social-political atmosphere in the early years following the Islamic Revolution's victory fostered diverse perspectives for defending or criticizing the prevailing situation, reflecting a historical necessity for literature during that period and within its literary works and novels. Literary output from this era exhibited various styles. Mirsadeghi's novel The winds announce the change of seasons, stands as an example, portraying the nascent order governing Iran's atmosphere at the time and the ongoing societal fluctuations from the final years of Pahlavi II's sovereignty. Comprehending this structure within its historical context, without using valid and methodical scientific principles, is prone to numerous misunderstandings, which in turn makes it difficult to understand the directional and discursive meanings. Consequently, this research adopts Fairclough's approach to analyze the representation of the novel's ideological formulations.
Ethical Considerations
Not applicable
Funding
Not applicable
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest